Table 1.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as potential markers of ASCVD diagnosis and prognosis. Studies showing EV changes in distinct ASCVD risk factors and pathologies.
| Clinical Condition/Context | EV Subtype | Cargo | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ↑ eEV (CD144+, CD105+) (Hypertension) | [267] | |
| ↑ lEV (CD3+) (Hypertension) | [235] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD31+/42−; CD31+/AnnV+), pEV (CD31+/42+) (Diabetes) | miR-126 | [236] | |
| ↑ lEV (CD45+), nEV (CD15+), pEV (CD62P+) (Familial hypercholesterolemia [FH]) | [242] | ||
| ↑ pEV (CD42a+, CD62P+) (Obesity) | [268] | ||
| ↑ pEV (CD41+), eEV (CD62E+), lEV (CD45+) (Smoking) | CD40L | [269] | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | ↑ eEV (CD31+, CD144+, CD62E+), lEV (CD45+) | [260] | |
| Endothelial dysfunction | eEV (CD31+/CD42b−) | [255] | |
| eEV (CD31+/AnnV+) | [256] | ||
| FH and subclinical atherosclerosis | ↑ lEV (CD3+/CD45+) | [50] | |
| ↑ pEV (TSP1+/CD142+) | Tissue factor | [266] | |
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | ↑ CD31+/Annexin V+ EV | [258] | |
| ↑ eEV (CD31+), pEV (CD42b+) | miR-126, miR-199a | [241] | |
| ↑ eEV (CD31+/AnnV+) | [256] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD31+ and CD51+) | [238] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD31+) | [270] | ||
| Arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease | ↑ eEV (CD31+/41−, CD62E+, CD144+) | [271] | |
| Diabetes and CAD | ↑ eEV (CD62E+, CD31+) | ↓LAP(TGF-β1), PD-ECGF, PF4, TSP1 | [233] |
| Coronary heart disease | ↑ eEV (CD31+/CD42−, CD144+) | [272] | |
| ↑ pEV (CD41+), eEV (CD144+) | [273] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD31+ and CD146+) | [248] | ||
| Stable angina | ↑ eEV (CD31+), pEV (CD41+) | [274] | |
| Acute coronary syndrome | ↑ pEV (CD31+, CD41a+) | [275] | |
| ↑ eEV (CD146+) | [276] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD144+), ErEV (CD235a+), pEV (CD41a+) | [261] | ||
| Myocardial infarction (MI) | ↑ CM-EV and eEV (CD31+/CD41−) | Caveolin-3, TnT | [185] |
| ↑ ErEV (CD235a+) | [207,252] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD144+) | [277] | ||
| ↑ l/mEV, eEV, ErEV, activated vascular cell-EV, (CD66b+/62E+/142+ for coronary thrombosis) | [245] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD154+, CD62E+), pEV (CD62P+) | [278] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD31+), pEV (GPIbα) | [247] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD31+, CD146+), pEV (CD42b+) | [254] | ||
| ↑ pEV (CD61+), mEV (CD14+) | Tissue factor | [244] | |
| ↑ lEV(CD45+), pEV (CD61/62P+), ErEV (CD235a+) | Lactadherin, Fbn | [279] | |
| ↑ eEV (CD144+), pEV (CD62P+/41), mEV (CD14+) | Tissue factor | [280] | |
| MI and stable angina | ↑ pEV (CD51+/61+), eEV (CD42−/31+), mEV (CD14+) | Tissue factor | [250] |
| MI in chronic kidney disease | ↑ eEV (CD154+, CD62E+), pEV (CD62P+) | [278] | |
| Ischemic cerebrovascular disease | ↑ eEV (CD144+, CD31+, CD62E+/41a−, AnnV+) | [281] | |
| ↑ eEV (CD62E+, CD31+/, CD42b− and Annexin V+) | [237] | ||
| Stroke | ↑ NPC-EV (CD34+, CD56+) | [282] | |
| ↑ pEV (CD41+) | [283] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD62E+) | [259] | ||
| ↑ eEV (CD31+, CD144+, CD146+), lEV (CD45+) | [243] | ||
| Peripheral arterial disease | ↑ pEV (CD41+/61+) | Calprotectin | [284] |
| ↑ cEV | Sonic hedgehog | [285] | |
| ↑ eEV (CD144+) | [286] | ||
| Venous thromboembolism | ↑ eEV (CD62E+), mEV (CD14+) | PSGL-1+ | [287] |
| Atrial fibrillation and stroke | ↑ eEV (CD41−/31+), pEV (CD61+) | [288] | |
| Autoimmune chronic inflammatory diseases | ↑ eEV and pEV | [289] |
AnnV indicates annexin V; cEV, circulating extracellular vesicle (EV); CD, cluster of differentiation; CM-EV, cardiomyocyte-derived EVs; eEV, endothelial-derived EV; ErEV, erythrocyte-derived EV; Fbn, fibrinogen; LAP(TGF-β1), latency-associated peptide (transforming growth factor β1); lEV, leucocyte derived EV; mEV, monocyte-derived EV; nEV, neutrophil-derived EV; NPC-EV, neural precursor cells; PD-ECGF, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor; PF4, platelet factor 4; pEV, platelet-derived EV; PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1-positive; TnT, troponin T; and TSP1, thrombospondin 1; ↑, increase.