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. 2022 May 31;11(11):1811. doi: 10.3390/cells11111811

Figure 2.

Figure 2

DFO blocked HIV-1 Tat-, gp120-, and CQ-induced increases in mitochondrial fragmentation and decreases in mitochondrial volume (size). (A) Representative fluorescence microscope images showing mitochondria (green) and nuclei (blue). DFO blocked CQ-, HIV-1 Tat-, and gp120-induced mitochondrial fragmentation (small and swelled structures) compared to control cells (elongated structures). (B,C) DFO blocked CQ-, HIV-1 Tat-, and gp120-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, increased mitochondrial numbers, and decreased mitochondrial volume. (D,E) DFO blocked CQ-, HIV-1 Tat-, and gp120-induced increases in damaged mitochondria and decreases in intact mitochondria. Image analysis and quantification was performed on five independent experiments with 30 cells quantified for each experimental condition (n = 150). Error bars represent standard deviation (SD) of five independent experiments. A one-way ANOVA multiple comparisons test was used to compare control group and treatment group. Cells were chosen randomly during image acquisition and analysis from the microscope field of view, and no cells were intentionally excluded. Scale bars are 10 µm for the image and 3 µm for the inset. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001.