Table 1.
Effect of RNC with or without Exercise on cardiometabolic health.
| Outcome Variables | Control (N = 7) |
RNC (N = 7) |
RNC + Exercise (N = 6) |
Time X Treatment ANOVA (p-Value) |
Time X Treatment Effect Size (Partial η2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 45.0 ± 12.0 | 38.6 ± 13.0 | 45.7 ± 7.9 | 0.80 | 0.03 |
| Body Fat, Fitness, and Metabolism | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 0.07 | 0.29 | |||
| Baseline | 74.7 ± 17.3 | 88.3 ± 12.8 | 81.2 ± 14.8 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 79.0 ± 16.0 | 88.5 ± 12.5 | 80.8 ± 15.4 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.51 | 0.09 | |||
| Baseline | 29.2 ± 6.4 | 32.6 ± 4.3 | 31.4 ± 6.9 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 29.7 ± 6.7 | 32.4 ± 4.1 | 31.2 ± 7.0 | ||
| Fat% | 0.90 | 0.01 | |||
| Baseline | 38.1 ± 9.6 | 40.0 ± 5.2 | 43.7 ± 5.0 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 38.2 ± 10.6 | 39.5 ± 6.2 | 43.4 ± 4.3 | ||
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 0.20 | 0.18 | |||
| Baseline | 26.8 ± 8.9 | 20.4 ± 4.7 | 22.5 ± 2.8 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 24.0 ± 8.4 | 21.2 ± 4.4 | 23.8 ± 4.7 | ||
| RMR (kcal/day) | 0.54 | 0.08 | |||
| Baseline | 1344.8 ± 202.0 | 1483.3 ± 184.5 | 1302.0 ± 163.4 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 1362.3 ± 219.7 | 1479.7 ± 164.3 | 1301.2 ± 171.0 | ||
| RER | 0.44 | 0.10 | |||
| Baseline | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.82 ± 0.03 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | ||
| Metabolic Health and Hormones: | |||||
| Insulin (uIU/mL) ** | 0.13 | 0.25 | |||
| Baseline | 14.6 ± 8.0 | 9.8 ± 7.6 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 19.2 ± 11.7 a | 15.6 ± 7.9 a | 6.3 ± 2.6 | ||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.50 | 0.10 | |||
| Baseline | 94.5 ± 11.7 | 93.7 ± 7.2 | 95.1 ± 9.3 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 102.8 ± 15.3 | 102.3 ± 17.4 | 94.3 ± 5.5 | ||
| HbA1C (%) | 0.63 | 0.06 | |||
| Baseline | 5.4 ± 0.5 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | ||
| HOMA-IR * | 0.32 | 0.19 | |||
| Baseline | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 4.3 ± 3.2 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | ||
| Cortisol (μg/dL) | 0.06 | 0.30 | |||
| Baseline | 10.7 ± 3.5 | 8.7 ± 3.2 | 11.3 ± 5.2 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 16.5 ± 3.7 b | 11.1 ± 2.9 | 11.0 ± 3.2 | ||
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.35 | 0.13 | |||
| Baseline | 3.0 ± 2.6 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 6.3 ± 7.9 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 7.4 ± 9.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 8.3 ± 11.2 | ||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 0.94 | 0.01 | |||
| Baseline | 18.5 ± 12.9 | 16.2 ± 9.6 | 16.5 ± 10.3 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 20.4 ± 13.9 | 18.0 ± 8.7 | 19.5 ± 9.5 | ||
| TC (mg/dL) ** | 0.12 | 0.23 | |||
| Baseline | 170.7 ± 24.2 | 176.4 ± 35.6 | 206.7 ± 30.7 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 175.3 ± 29.1 | 158.1 ± 27.4 | 208.7 ± 31.1 | ||
| TG (mg/dL) | 0.09 | 0.26 | |||
| Baseline | 102.2 ± 80.0 | 123.4 ± 61.1 | 106.8 ± 79.1 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 134.8 ± 90.8 | 114.4 ± 51.0 | 110.3 ± 67.6 | ||
| HDL (mg/dL) ** | 0.44 | 0.10 | |||
| Baseline | 53.3 ± 7.9 | 43.1 ± 7.5 | 54.2 ± 13.7 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 55.3 ± 10.9 | 41.6 ± 6.3 | 56.8 ± 11.6 | ||
| LDL (mg/dL) * | 0.35 | 0.12 | |||
| Baseline | 110.2 ± 14.0 | 112.9 ± 35.5 | 134.7 ± 23.7 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 97.5 ± 21.9 | 97.6 ± 28.2 | 133.7 ± 26.4 | ||
| TC/HDL | 0.59 | 0.06 | |||
| Baseline | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | ||
| 12 Weeks | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | ||
Note: Data are mean (SD), N = 20. There were no significant differences at baseline. * Main effect of treatment was significant at p < 0.10 level; ** Main effect of treatment was significant at p < 0.05 level. a Trending difference between baseline and 12-week post at p < 0.10 level; b Significant difference between baseline and 12-week post at p < 0.05 level; VO2max, insulin, hs-CRP and TG were log-transformed for analysis.