Table 1.

Examples of nanomaterial-based NT detection systems.

Detection System	Detected NT	Performance Indicators	Ref.
Glutamate oxidase entrapped in a chitosan matrix cast onto the microelectrode surface (i.e., platinum wire covered with poly-o-phenylenediamine) and coated with ascorbate oxidase	Glutamate	Sensitivity: 0.097 ± 0.001 nA μM−1 Linearity range: 5–150 μM Detection limit: 0.044 μM	[146]
Monolithic platform based on carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors	Glutamate	Linearity range: 250–500 μM Detection limit: 3 μM	[147]
Perovskite nickelate-Nafion (i.e., polymeric ion-permeable membrane) heterostructure	Glutamate	Sensitivity: 0.327 ± 0.07 nA μM−1 mm−2 Linearity range: 1–700 μM Detection limit: 16 nM	[148]
Reduced graphene oxide-based field-effect transistor biosensor functionalized with mGluR	Glutamate	Linearity range: 1 fM–100 pM Detection limit: 1 fM	[149]
Enzyme-free electrochemical sensor based on graphene oxide modified gold electrode	GABA	Linearity range: 250 nM–100 μM Detection limit: 98 nM	[150]
nanoITIES (interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions) pipet electrodes	GABA	Linearity range: 0.25–1.0 mM Detection limit: 22.4 μM	[151]
Gold nanoparticles-zinc oxide nanocone arrays/graphene foam electrode	Dopamine	Sensitivity: 4.36 μA mM−1 Detection limit: 0.04 μM	[152]
Label-free luminescent NaGdF4:Tb nanoparticles	Dopamine	Linearity range: 0–10 μM Detection limit: ~30 nM	[153]
Supramolecular β-cyclodextrin functionalized gold nanoclusters	Dopamine	Linearity range: 100.0 nM–80.0 μM Detection limit: 20.0 nM	[154]
Graphite screen-printed electrodes modified by a nanocomposite made of polyaniline and gold nanoparticles	Dopamine	Linearity range: 1–100 μM Detection limit: 0.86 μM	[155]
Nanocomposite platform based on graphene oxide/chitosan modified screen-printed electrode	Serotonin	Sensitivity: 0.05 μA mM−1  Detection range: 10 nM–100 μM Detection limit: 3.2 nM	[156]
Gold-nanorattles-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite coated onto the gold nanoparticles deposited glassy carbon electrode (GCE)	Serotonin	Linear dynamic range: 3 × 10−6–1 × 10−3 M Detection limit: 3.87 (±0.02) × 10−7 M	[157]
Graphite-paste electrode modified with nanoparticles (i.e., Fe3O4@Au@SiO2) coated with molecularly imprinted polymer	Serotonin	Linearity range: 0.01–1000 μM Detection limit: 0.002 μM	[158]
GCE coated with a biofilm of graphite, nanodiamonds, and gold nanoparticles anchored in casein	Serotonin	Sensitivity: 0.18 μA mM−1 Linear dynamic range: 0.3–3.0 μM Detection limit: 0.1 μM	[159]
Platinum nanoparticles coated with molecularly imprinted silica drop-cast onto a GCE	Serotonin	Linearity range: 0.05–80 μM Detection limit: 0.02 μM	[160]
Laccase modified GCE coated with graphene quantum dots	Epinephrine	Sensitivity: 2.9 μA mM−1 cm−2 Linearity range: 1–120 × 10−6 M Detection limit: 83 nM	[161]
Tetrahexahedral gold-palladium core-shell nanocrystals on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets	Epinephrine	Linear detection range: 0.001–1000 μM Detection limit: 0.0012 μM	[162]
GCE modified with chemically reduced graphene oxide nanosheets	Epinephrine	Two different linearity ranges: 10–300 and 400–1300 μM Detection limit 1.6 μM	[163]
Graphite screen-printed electrode modified with a nanocomposite of magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes	Norepinephrine	Linearity range: 0.5–400 μM Detection limit: 0.2 μM	[164]
GCE modified with carbon nanotubes and magnetic nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite	Norepinephrine	Linearity range: 0.16–1.91 mM Detection limit: 0.76 μM	[165]
Copper-palladium core-shell nanostructures on pencil graphite substrate	Histamine	Sensitivity: 0.082 μA μM−1 cm−2 Detection limit: 3.2 ± 0.1 nM	[166]
Nickel-based metal-organic framework crystals and multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified GCE	Histamine	Sensitivity: 0.19 μA μM−1 Linearity range: 1.00–160.00 μM Detection limit: 0.41 μM	[167]
Fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor covered with multilayers of silver metal and tantalum (V) oxide nanoflakes functionalized with acetylcholinesterase enzyme	Acetylcholine	Sensitivity: 8.709 nm/μM Detection limit: 38 nM	[168]
Acetylcholinesterase and choline esterase co-immobilized on platinum nanoparticles and metallic organic framework modified gold electrode	Acetylcholine	Linearity range: 0.01–500 μM Detection limit: 0.01 μM	[169]
Acetylcholinesterase and choline esterase co-immobilized over a gold electrode coated with a nanocomposite layer of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide	Acetylcholine	Linearity range: 0.1–100 μM Detection limit: 0.1 μM	[170]
Enzyme-free electrochemical sensor based on spinel-type copper cobaltite nanoplates	Acetylcholine	Linear dynamic range: 0.2–3500 μM Detection limit: 30 nM	[171]