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Serum cytokines levels (pg/mL) at different timepoints in NIV and IMV groups. IL-6 was significantly higher in the NIV group on day 0. IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, G-CSF, IP-10, MCP-1, and MIP-1α showed higher levels in the IMV group on day 7. IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, G-CSF, MIP-1α, and RANTES were higher in the same group on day 14. Note that IL-8 and G-CSF were higher at both days 7 and 14. * indicates statistical significance, p-value < 0.05.
