Table 4.

Lipid peroxidation biomarkers and main reactivity with biomolecules, together with detection and molecular effects in cancer.

Biomarker	Reactivity	Detection	Molecular Effects (Dose-Dependent)	Ref
MDA	Formation of DNA adducts	Serum, urine (high levels)	Carcinogenic Cancer progression Tumor growth inhibitor Apoptotic	[120,121,122]
4-HNE	Protein adducts	Serum, urine (low, medium, high levels)	Carcinogenic Cancer progression Cytotoxic, apoptotic	[123,124,125]
Acrolein	DNA and protein adducts	Blood and urine (high levels)	Neuronal cell death Carcinogenic Cytotoxic	[126,127,128]
Isoprostanes	Stable final product	Urine, plasma, tissue (high levels)	Cell membrane impairment	[129,130,131,132]