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. 2022 May 29;23(11):6083. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116083

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Vaccines and pharmaceutical strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The treatment options for COVID-19 infection are shown in cartoons. Current main treatment options against SARS-CoV-2 infection include (A) protein-based vaccines, (B) mRNA vaccines, (C) circular RNA vaccines, (D) nanoparticle antibodies, (E) engineered tetravalent bispecific antibodies, (F) peptide-based inhibitors (Protein Data Bank/PDB: 6M0J), and (G) chemical compounds (PDB: 7BV2). Abbreviations: ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; CRISPR/Cas: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–associated nucleases; RBD: receptor-binding domain.