Table 1.
Chemical compounds targeting spike protein and nonstructural proteins for SARS-CoV-2 in clinical studies.
| Protein | Durg Target | Chemical Compound | Clinical Number | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spike | RBD/ACE2 blocker | Atorvastatin | NCT04380402 | Phase 2 |
| Telmisartan | NCT04355936 | Completed | ||
| Chloroquine | NCT04303507 | N/A | ||
| NSP3 | Papain-like protease | Diosmin/Hesperidin (ACE2) | NCT04452799 | Early Phase 1 |
| NSP5 | 3CLpro | Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) |
NCT04960202 NCT05047601 NCT05011513 |
FDA approved |
| Ritonavir (Paxlovid) | ||||
| NSP12 | RdRp | Veklury (remdesivir) | NCT04292730 | FDA approved |
| Molnupiravir (Lagevrio) | NCT04575597 | FDA approved for EUA | ||
| Sofosbuvir | NCT04460443 | Phase 2 | ||
| NSP13 | Helicase | Nintedanib | NCT04541680 | Phase 3 |
| NSP14 | Endoribonuclease (3′-5′) | Nitazoxanide | NCT04561219 | Phase 2 |
| NSP15 | Uridine-specific endoribonuclease | Paritaprevir | NCT02504099 | N/A |
| NSP16 | Methyltransferase | Bemcentinib | NCT04890509 | Phase 2 |
Abbreviations: ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; N/A: not applicable; NSP: nonstructural protein; PLpro: papain-like protease; RBD: receptor-binding domain; RdRp: RNA dependent RNA polymerase; 3CLpro: 3C-like protease.