Table 2.
Platelet molecules, their functions, and pathways involved in CVD. Adapted and modified from [71].
| Function | Platelet Molecule | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thrombin | Strengthn platelet-fibrin clot | [72] | |
| Platelet activation molecule | Nitric oxide | Enhance thromboxane generation and platelet aggregation | [73] |
| LDL | Increase ROS formation Platelet activation Prothrombinase complex thrombin and thrombosis formation |
[74,75,76] | |
| WDR1 | Increase ADF-cofilin Actin disassembling Decrease actin cytoskeleton and thrombin activation |
[77,78,79] | |
| Leptin | Increase PDE3A Decrease cAMP |
[80,81] | |
| Adiponectin | Insulin resistance Hypoadiponectinemia |
[82,83,84,85] | |
| ROS | 8-isoPGF2α increase Platelets aggregation Drugs’ non-responsiveness |
[86,87,88,89,90] | |
| ADP | Increase platelet activation Active leukocytes, endothelial cells, and SMCs |
[91,92,93] | |
| Fractalkine | Increase platelet activation Inducing P-selectin Platelet adhesion to fibrinogen and collagen |
[94,95] | |
| GPVI | Platelet aggregation Initiated signaling cascades with SFKs |
[96,97] | |
| Integrin αIIbβ3 | Platelet aggregation Initiated signaling cascades with SFKs |
[96,97] | |
| Talin | Bind and regulate αIIbβ3 | [96,97] | |
| ILK | Integrin activation α-granule secretion and platelet activation |
[98,99,100] | |
| MPs | Induce angiogenesis and revascularization improvement | [101,102,103] | |
| SPARC | Angiogenesis formation Cardiac integrity Platelet reorganization |
[101,102,103] | |
| miRNA-223 | Regulate EPB41L3 gene ACS formation and vascular dysfunction |
[104] | |
| miRNA-126 | Regulate VCAM-1 gene ACS formation and vascular dysfunction |
[104] | |
| Molecule activation by platelet | Thromboxane | ROS generation | [73] |
| Annexin V | Inducing cardiac myocytes apoptosis | [105] | |
| P-selectin | By linking with PSGL-1, induce several inflammation, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery diseases. | [106] | |
| CD40L | Induce plaque initiation, thrombus stabilization, platelet activation, and vascular inflammation | [107] | |
| PDGF-D | Stimulates proliferation of cardiac interstitial fibroblasts and arterial smooth muscle cells. | [108] | |
| PDGF-A PDGF-B |
Induce cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis mediate by mesenchymal Fibroblasts | [109] | |
| Tissue factor | Initiating the coagulation cascade Induce migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells |
[110] | |
| PECAM-1 | Regulating NF-kB-mediated gene expression | [111] | |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-r) |
Induce insulin resistance, Increase vasodilation | [112] | |
| ACC | Fatty acid metabolism in platelets | [113,114] | |
| AMPK | Changes in platelet shape and secrete the granules | [113,114] | |
| MLCs | Changes in platelet shape and secrete the granules | [113,114] | |
| Cofilin | Changes in platelet shape and secrete the granules | [113,114] | |
| Thrombin | AMPK activation in platelets and phosphorylation of MLCs and cofilin | [113,114] | |
| CXCL7 | Most expressions in platelet Role in CVD |
[70] | |
| CXCL4 | Increased atherosclerosis Heterodimer with CCL5 Bind to monocytes Modulate signaling pathways in the cells |
[115,116,117] | |
| CCL5 | Increase the monocytes and T-lymphocytes adhesion by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Increase angiogenesis |
[118] | |
| CXCL1 | Bind to CXCR2 Induce monocyte activation to atherosclerotic lesions |
[119] | |
| CXCL12 | Atherosclerotic lesions formation Activate platelets via CXCR4 Secrete by macrophages and increase the atherosclerosis |
[120,121] | |
| CCL2 | Trigger atherosclerotic lesions formation | [70,122] | |
| CCL3 | Express in atherosclerosis Bind to CCR1 and CCR5 |
[70,122] |
LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; WDR1, WD repeat protein 1; ADF, actin-depolymerizing factor; PDE3A, phosphodiesterase 3A; cAMP, cyclic AMP; 8-isoPGF2α, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; SMC, smooth muscle cell; ILK, integrin-linked kinases; MP, microparticle; SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine; miRNA, microRNA; EPB41L3, erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 like 3; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ACC, acetyl CoA carboxylase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; MLC, myosin light chain; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; CXCR, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; CCR, C-C motif chemokine receptor.