Table 2.
Any COVID-19 Cases in District.
| All Days |
Days 29–42 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Panel A: Bangladesh (April 6–May 20) | ||||||
| International Migrants | 0.045∗∗ | 0.027 | 0.041∗∗ | 0.012 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| per 100 People (z-score) | (0.018) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.016) | (0.004) | (0.003) |
| Domestic Migrants | 0.017 | 0.022 | −0.008 | −0.009 | ||
| per 100 People (z-score) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.008) | (0.008) | ||
| 0.389 | 0.427 | 0.391 | 0.430 | 0.026 | 0.044 | |
| Dependent Variable Mean | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Observations | 2,835 | 2,835 | 2,835 | 2,835 | 882 | 882 |
| Panel B: India (March 15–April 28) | ||||||
| International Migrants | 0.112∗∗∗ | 0.087∗∗∗ | 0.108∗∗∗ | 0.081∗∗∗ | 0.112∗∗∗ | 0.084∗∗∗ |
| per 100 People (z-score) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.012) |
| Domestic Migrants | 0.034∗∗ | 0.040∗∗∗ | 0.046∗∗ | 0.053∗∗ | ||
| per 100 People (z-score) | (0.014) | (0.013) | (0.019) | (0.019) | ||
| 0.217 | 0.328 | 0.222 | 0.334 | 0.069 | 0.209 | |
| Dependent Variable Mean | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
| Observations | 26,145 | 26,145 | 26,145 | 26,145 | 8,134 | 8,134 |
| Panel C: Pakistan (March 16–April 27) | ||||||
| International Migrants | 0.137∗∗∗ | 0.013 | 0.117∗∗∗ | 0.005 | 0.133∗∗∗ | −0.021 |
| per 100 People (z-score) | (0.026) | (0.033) | (0.024) | (0.033) | (0.026) | (0.028) |
| Domestic Migrants | 0.081∗∗∗ | −0.058∗ | 0.150∗∗∗ | −0.024 | ||
| per 100 People (z-score) | (0.028) | (0.029) | (0.028) | (0.024) | ||
| 0.175 | 0.417 | 0.202 | 0.426 | 0.240 | 0.598 | |
| Dependent Variable Mean | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.68 | 0.68 |
| Observations | 4,773 | 4,773 | 4,773 | 4,773 | 1,554 | 1,554 |
| Controls | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Day Fixed Effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Notes: State/Provincial/Country capitals are omitted. The sample for columns (1)–(4) includes all days for which data are available since the 100th COVID-19 case was reported in each country. The sample for columns (5)–(6) includes days 29–42 since the 100th COVID-19 case was reported in each country. All regressions include day fixed effects, while columns (2), (4), and (6) additionally include the following district-level controls: population, population density, the fraction of urban population, the fraction of population below the poverty line, and a measure of health access (Bangladesh: number of hospital beds per capita, India: number of primary health centers per capita, Pakistan: percentage of population which has access to a health clinic or hospital within 15 min of their dwelling). Standard errors in parentheses and double-clustered by day and district. ∗, ∗∗, ∗∗∗.