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. 2022 Jun 3;23(11):6279. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116279

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effects of deregulated maternal circulating adipokines in GDM. Potential effects of leptin, TNF-α, NGAL, ANGPTL8, adiponectin, and nesfatin-1, and their respective receptors, in insulin-sensitive tissues or pancreatic beta cells in GDM. Elevated concentrations of leptin, TNF-α, NGAL, and ANGPTL8 potentiate red pathways that promote a hyperglycemic state, whereas decreased concentrations of adiponectin and nesfatin-1 weaken green pathways that favor a euglycemic state (see the text for deeper details). Black arrows indicate increased or decreased concentrations. In the colored arrows, the arrowhead lines indicate stimulation and the T-shaped lines indicate inhibition. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin; ANGPTL8, angiopoietin-like protein 8; Ob-R, leptin receptor; TNFR1, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; NGAL-R, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin receptor; PirB, paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B; AdipoR, adiponectin receptor; IRS1, insulin receptor 1 substrate; GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4.