Table 2.
Characteristics and findings of studies comparing adipokine gene or protein expression in adipose tissue between GDM patients and controls at delivery.
| Authors (Year) | n | Sample and Measurement Type | Adipokine Expression in GDM | Secondary Findings and Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adiponectin | ||||
| Dong, et al. (2018) [79] | 10 GDM and 27 controls (3 subgroups: 10 obese, 8 overweight and 9 normal weight) | VAT for protein levels | ↓ | Adiponectin expression was lower in women with GDM than in all subgroups of controls. |
| Ott, et al. (2018) [80] | 25 GDM and 30 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↓ | +Maternal circulating levels of adiponectin −Glucose concentrations at the time of OGTT and at the end of pregnancy. |
| Telejko, et al. (2010) [81] | 20 GDM and 16 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↓ | Not reported |
| Telejko, et al. (2010) [81] | 20 GDM and 16 controls | SAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | Not reported |
| Ott, et al. (2018) [80] | 25 GDM and 30 controls | SAT for mRNA levels | ↓ | +Maternal circulating levels of adiponectin |
| Leptin | ||||
| Lappas, et al. (2014) [82] | 18 GDM and 28 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | Within the controls, a higher expression of leptin was observed in obese compared to non-obese women |
| Dong, et al. (2018) [79] | 10 GDM and 27 controls (3 subgroups: 10 obese, 8 overweight and 9 normal weight) | VAT for protein levels |
↑ |
No relevant secondary finding |
| Omentin-1 | ||||
| Peña-Cano, et al. (2022) [25] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Barker, et al. (2012) [83] | 22 GDM and 22 controls | VAT for mRNA and protein levels | ↔ | In controls, a negative effect of obesity on mRNA and protein levels of omentin-1 was observed. mRNA and protein levels of omentin-1 were measured. |
| Resistin | ||||
| Dong, et al. (2018) [79] | 10 GDM and 27 controls (3 subgroups: 10 obese, 8 overweight and 9 normal weight women) | VAT for protein levels | ↑ | No relevant secondary finding |
| IL-1β | ||||
| Peña-Cano, et al. (2022) [25] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↓ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Lappas, et al. (2014) [82] | 18 GDM and 28 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | Within the controls, higher expression of IL1-β was observed in obese compared to non-obese women |
| IL-6 | ||||
| Peña-Cano, et al. (2022) [25] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↓ | No relevant secondary finding |
| IL-1RA | ||||
| Peña-Cano, et al. (2022) [25] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↓ | No relevant secondary finding |
| IL-10 | ||||
| Peña-Cano, et al. (2022) [25] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↓ | After controlling the analysis for gestational age, pre-gestational BMI, and BMI at the end of pregnancy, only IL-10 expression remained significantly lower in women with GDM |
| TNF-α | ||||
| Peña-Cano, et al. (2022) [25] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Rancourt, et al. (2020) [84] | 19 GDM and 22 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↑ | +Maternal circulating levels of TNF-α. |
| Rancourt, et al. (2020) [84] | 19 GDM and 22 controls | SAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Dong, et al. (2018) [79] | 10 GDM and 27 controls (3 subgroups: 10 obese, 8 overweight and 9 normal weight women) | VAT for mRNA and protein levels | ↑ | |
| Lappas, et al. (2014) [82] | 18 GDM and 28 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| SOCS3 | ||||
| Rancourt, et al. (2020) [84] | 19 GDM and 22 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↑ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Rancourt, et al. (2020) [84] | 19 GDM and 22 controls | SAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Visfatin | ||||
| Ma, et al. (2010) [85] | 20 GDM and 22 controls | SAT for mRNA and protein levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Ma, et al. (2010) [85] | 20 GDM and 22 controls | VAT for mRNA and protein levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Apelin | ||||
| Telejko, et al. (2010) [81] | 20 GDM and 16 controls | SAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Telejko, et al. (2010) [81] | 20 GDM and 16 controls | VAT for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| ADM | ||||
| Dong, et al. (2018) [79] | 10 GDM and 27 controls (3 subgroups: 10 obese, 8 overweight and 9 normal weight women) | VAT for mRNA levels | ↑ | The gene expression in VAT of ADM receptor components (CRLR, RAMP2, and RAMP3) was higher in GDM than controls. |
| Nesfatin-1 | ||||
| Zhang, et al. (2017) [24] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | SAT for protein levels | ↑ | No relevant secondary finding |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IL-10, interleukin 10; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; ADM, adrenomedullin; CRLR, calcitonin receptor-like receptor; RAMP, receptor activity-modifying protein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; BMI, body mass index. ↑, increased mRNA and/or protein levels of the indicated adipokine in GDM compared to controls; ↓, decreased mRNA and/or protein levels of the indicated adipokine in GDM compared to controls; ↔, similar mRNA and/or protein levels of the indicated adipokine in GDM compared to controls; +, positive and independent correlation between the indicated adipokine and the specified parameter; −, negative and independent correlation between the indicated adipokine and the specified parameter.