Table 3.
Characteristics and findings of studies comparing adipokine mRNA or protein levels in placenta and cord blood between GDM patients and controls at delivery.
| Authors (Year) | n | Sample and Measurement Type | Adipokine Level in GDM | Secondary Findings and Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | ||||
| Yin, et al. (2020) [26] | 49 GDM and 39 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA and protein levels | ↑ | In GDM, increased expression of TNF-α was observed in the placenta compared to the umbilical cord tissue, which was not observed in the control group. |
| Yin, et al. (2020) [26] | 49 GDM and 39 controls | Umbilical cord tissue for mRNA and protein levels | ↑ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Yin, et al. (2020) [26] | 49 GDM and 39 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↓ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Leptin | ||||
| Shang, et al. (2018) [100] | 105 GDM and 103 controls | Placental tissue for protein levels | ↑ | A mathematical model including placental levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin was shown to correlate positively with maternal HOMA-IR. |
| Manoharan, et al. (2019) [101] | 40 GDM and 40 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | +Ponderal index, Newborn leptin/adiponectin ratio correlated positively with newborn HOMA-IR levels and negatively with HOMA-S |
| Ortega-Senovilla, et al. (2011) [102] | 98 GDM and 86 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Tan, et al. (2021) [103] | 95 GDM and 470 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | Not reported |
| Shang, et al. (2018) [100] | 105 GDM and 103 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | A mathematical model including umbilical cord concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin was shown to correlate positively with newborn birthweight. |
| Apelin | ||||
| Telejko, et al. (2010) [81] | 20 GDM and 16 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Aslan, et al. (2011) [104] | 30 GDM and 30 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| NGAL | ||||
| Yin, et al. (2020) [26] | 49 GDM and 39 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA and protein levels | ↑ | +Maternal NGAL concentrations in all of the subjects included in the study. In GDM, increased expression of NGAL was observed in the placenta compared to the umbilical cord tissue, which was not observed in the control group. |
| Yin, et al. (2020) [26] | 49 GDM and 39 controls | Umbilical cord tissue for mRNA and protein levels | ↑ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Yin, et al. (2020) [26] | 49 GDM and 39 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | +Maternal NGAL concentrations in all of the subjects included in the study. |
| Adiponectin | ||||
| Shang, et al. (2018) [100] | 105 GDM and 103 controls | Placental tissue for protein levels | ↓ | A mathematical model including placental levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin was shown to correlate positively with maternal HOMA-IR. |
| Telejko, et al. (2010) [81] | 20 GDM and 16 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA levels | No detectable | Not reported |
| Manoharan, et al. (2019) [101] | 40 GDM and 40 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↓ | Newborn leptin/adiponectin ratio correlated positively with newborn HOMA-IR levels and negatively with HOMA-S |
| Shang, et al. (2018) [100] | 105 GDM and 103 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↓ | A mathematical model including umbilical cord concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin was shown to correlate positively with newborn birthweight. |
| Ortega-Senovilla, et al. (2011) [102] | 98 GDM and 86 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↓ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Tan, et al. (2021) [103] | 95 GDM and 470 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↓ | Not reported |
| Resistin | ||||
| Yu, et al. (2020) [105] | 15 GDM and 15 controls | Placental blood for circulating levels | ↑ | Not reported |
| Shang, et al. (2018) [100] | 105 GDM and 103 controls | Placental tissue for protein levels | ↑ | A mathematical model including placental levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin was shown to correlate positively with maternal HOMA-IR. |
| Manoharan, et al. (2019) [101] | 40 GDM and 40 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↔ | Not reported |
| Shang, et al. (2018) [100] | 105 GDM and 103 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | A mathematical model including umbilical cord concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin was shown to correlate positively with newborn birthweight. |
| Visfatin | ||||
| Ma, et al. (2010) [85] | 20 GDM and 22 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA and protein levels | ↑ | +Maternal serum visfatin levels |
| Manoharan, et al. (2019) [101] | 40 GDM and 40 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | −Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in GDM newborns. |
| Omentin-1 | ||||
| Barker, et al. (2012) [83] | 22 GDM and 22 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA and protein levels | ↔ | In controls, a negative effect of obesity on mRNA and protein levels of omentin-1 in placental tissue was observed. |
| Fetuin A | ||||
| Šimják, et al. (2018) [106] | 12 GDM and 12 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Šimják, et al. (2018) [106] | 12 GDM and 12 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↓ | No relevant secondary finding |
| RBP-4 | ||||
| Ortega-Senovilla, et al. (2011) [102] | 98 GDM and 86 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Nesfatin-1 | ||||
| Zhang, et al. (2017) [24] | 50 GDM and 50 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↑ | No relevant secondary finding |
| Aslan, et al. (2011) [104] | 30 GDM and 30 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
| AFABP | ||||
| Ortega-Senovilla, et al. (2011) [102] | 98 GDM and 86 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↓ | +Prepregnancy BMI and maternal leptin levels in all of the subjects included in the study |
| Vaspin | ||||
| Huo, et al. (2015) [107] | 30 GDM and 27 controls | Placental tissue for mRNA and protein levels | ↔ | −Neonatal birth weight |
| Irisin | ||||
| Yuksel, et al. (2014) [108] | 20 GDM and 20 controls | Cord blood for circulating levels | ↔ | No relevant secondary finding |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; TNF-α; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin; RBP-4, retinol binding protein 4; AFABP, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein. HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-S, homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ↑, increased mRNA and/or protein levels of the indicated adipokine in GDM compared to controls; ↓, decreased mRNA and/or protein levels of the indicated adipokine in GDM compared to controls; ↔, similar mRNA and/or protein levels of the indicated adipokine in GDM compared to controls; +, positive and independent correlation between the indicated adipokine and the specified parameter; −, negative and independent correlation between the indicated adipokine and the specified parameter.