Table 1.
Characteristics of included study.
| Reference | Country | Study Period | Study Design | Participants Included in This Review § | SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients | SARS-CoV-2 Negative Patients | Gender (M) |
Age (Years) |
Diagnostic Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ad’hiah et al., 2020 [22] | Iraq | 31 May to 31 July 2020 | Case-control | 1915 | Hospitalized patients | Blood donors | 58.3% | Mean age 39.6 | PCR |
| Ahmed I et al., 2021 [26] | UK | 24 April to 6 May 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 355 | Pregnant women | Pregnant women | 0.0% | Mean age 30.8 | PCR |
| Anderson JL et al., 2021 [23] | USA | 3 March to 2 November 2020 | Case-control | 107,796 | General population | General population | 23.1% | Mean age 42.0 | PCR |
| Barnkob MB et al., 2020 [27] | Denmark | 27 February to 30 July 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 473,654 | General population | General population | 29.0% | ≥60 years: 35.2% 1 | PCR |
| Boudin L et al., 2020 [28] | France | 28 February to 13 April 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 1669 | Crewmembers | Crewmembers | 87.0% a | Median age 28.0 | PCR |
| Coluk Y et al., 2021 [29] | Turkey | NR | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 211 | General population | General population | NR | Subjects > 18 years | PCR |
| Haizler-Cohen L et al., 2021 [30] | USA | 27 May to 28 August 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 2930 | Pregnant women | Pregnant women | 0.0% | Women of reproductive age | Antibody |
| Horspool A et al., 2021 [31] | USA | NR | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 64 | Hospitalized patients | Hospitalized patients | 56.3% | Range: 15–92 | Antibody |
| Ibrahim SA et al., 2021 [32] | USA | 1 March to 31 May 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 586 | Pregnant women | Pregnant women | 0.0% | Women of reproductive age | PCR or antigen |
| Khosroshahi HT et al., 2021 [33] | Iran | Until 1 July 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 670 | Haemodialysis patients | Haemodialysis patients | 64.5% | Range: 19–88 | PCR |
| Kolin DA et al., 2020 [34] | UK | 16 March to 18 May 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 4811 | General population | General population | 53.8% 1 | Range: 40–69 | PCR |
| Latz CA et al., 2020 [35] | USA | 6 March to 16 April 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 7648 | General population | General population | 32.4% 1 | Subjects > 18 years | PCR or antigen |
| Lehrer S et al., 2021 [36] | UK | 16 March to 26 April 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 12,575 | Community volunteers | Community volunteers | 47.8% | Range: 40–70 | PCR |
| Levi JE et al., 2021 [37] | Brazil | Until 22 June 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 6457 | General population | General population | NR | NR | PCR and/or antibody |
| Mahallawi AH et al., 2021 [38] | Saudi Arabia | Mid-May to mid-July, 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 1212 | Blood donors | Blood donors | 100.0% | Range: 18–64 | Antibody |
| Negro P et al., 2021 [18] | Italy | 28 February to 23 April 2020 | Case-control | 1058 | General population | General population | 46.2% | Range: 1–100 | PCR |
| Niles JK et al., 2020 [39] | USA | March to July 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 276,536 | Pregnant women at the time of ABO testing | Pregnant women at the time of ABO testing | 0.0% | Median age 34.4 | RNA NAAT |
| Platton S et al., 2021 [24] | UK | NR | Case-control | 40 | Hospitalized patients in critical care unit | Hospitalized patients in critical care unit | 82.5% | Range: 22–78 | PCR |
| Quiroga B et al., 2021 [40] | Spain | Until 1 November 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 320 | Nephrologists | Nephrologists | 33.6% b | Mean age 46.0 | Self-reported |
| Ray JG et al., 2021 [41] | Canada | 15 January to 30 June 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 225,556 | General population | General population | 29.1% | Mean age 54.0 | PCR |
| Schetelig J et al., 2021 [42] | Germany | January to September 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 102,342 | Stem cell Donors | Stem cell Donors | 29.8% c | Range: 18–61 | PCR |
| Singh N et al., 2021 [25] | USA | 1 April to 30 June 2020 | Case-control | 100 | Pregnant women | Pregnant women | 0.0% | Range: 17–42 | PCR or antigen |
| Zhang J et al., 2021 [43] | UK | By 24 August 2020 | Cohort/Cross-sectional | 17,586 | Community volunteers | Community volunteers | 48.0% | Range: 38–73 | PCR |
Abbreviations: § participants tested for COVID-19 with known blood group. a % on overall participants of the study (1688 individuals). b % on overall participants of the study (327 individuals). c % on overall participants of the study. (157,544 individuals). 1 % on participants with SARS-CoV-2. NR Not reported.