. 2022 May 27;23(11):6031. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116031

Table 1.

Antioxidant activity of lignans in vitro.

Lignan	Source	Model/Assay	Target	Concentration	Ref.
Aryltetralinstructure group
(−)-Isoguaiacin	Machilusthunbergii Sieb, et Zucc.	CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity	↓GPT level	50–100 μM	[24]
(−)-Isoguaiacin	Machilusthunbergii Sieb, et Zucc.	CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity	↓MDA content, ↑GSH/GSSG level, ↑SOD1, ↑CAT	50 μM	[24]
(+)-Isolariciresinol	Riesling wine	TEAC assay	radical scavenging capacity	2.5 mmol Trolox/mmol	[25]
	Ephedra viridis	DCFH assay in HL-60 cells	↓iROS level	IC₅₀ 21 μg/mL	[26]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	HO assay	HO^• scavenging	IC₅₀ 0.68 ± 0.02 μg/mL	[27]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 37.4 ± 0.9 μg/mL	[27]
(±)-Isolariciresinol	Synthetic	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 53.0 μM	[28]
(−)-Isolariciresinol 5-methoxy-9-β-D-xylopyranoside	Saracaasoca (Roxb.) De Wilde	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 44 μM	[29]
(+)-Isolariciresinol 3a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	Carissa spinarum Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 45.7 ± 1.5 μM	[30]
		FRAP assay	ferric-reducing potentiality	33 mmol Fe²⁺/g
		H₂O₂-induced L02 cells cytotoxicity	↓iROS level	5 μM
Isolariciresinol-9’-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside	Pinus massoniana Lamb.	H₂O₂-induced HUVECs cytotoxicity	↑PI3K, ↑p-Akt, ↑p-Bad, ↓Bax	31.3–125 μg/mL	[31]
Lyoniresinol	Berberis vulgaris Linn.	HO assay	HO^• scavenging	IC₅₀ 1.4 ± 0.12 μg/mL	[32]
	Viscum album Linn.	ABTS assay	ABTS radical scavenging	10–100 μM	[33]
		DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	10–100 μM
		Glu-treated HT22 cells	↓iROS level	25 μM
(+)-Lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-glucopyranoside	Strychnosvanprukii	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 31.2 μM	[34]
Sauchinone	Synthetic	AngII-induced mesangial cells	↓iROS level	1 μM	[35]
Dibenzocyclooctadiene structure group
Gomisin A	Synthetic	ZnPP/high glucose-injured MC3T3 E1 cells	↓iROS level, ↑SOD, ↑HO-1	1–10 μM	[36]
Gomisin N	Synthetic	HeLa cells	↑iROS level	100 μM	[37]
Gomisin N	Synthetic	ethanol-treated HepG2 cells	↓iROS level, ↑GSH/GSSG level, ↑CAT, ↑SOD, ↑GPx ↑SIRT1/AMPK, ↓CYP2E1	50–100 μM	[38]
Schisandrin A	Schisandra chinensis Baill.	CCl₄-treated HepG2 cells	↓TBARS level, ↓iROS level	50 μM	[39]
	Synthetic	LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages	↓iROS level ↓Keap1, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1	200 μM	[40]
		H₂O₂-induced C2C12 cell cytotoxicity	↓iROS level, ↑AMPK, ↑Bcl-2/Bax	200 μM	[41]
		DON-induced cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells	↓iROS level, ↓TBARS level, ↓CAT, ↓SOD, ↓GPx, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑GST, ↑GSH/GSSG level	2.5–10 μM	[42]
		RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation model	↓iROS level, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑CAT ↓TRAF6, ↓Nox1	50–200 μM	[43]
Schisandrin B	Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.	CCl₄-treated HepG2 cells	↓TBARS level	50 μM	[39]
			↓iROS level	10–50 μM
			↑CYP3A4 expression and activity	50 μM
	Synthetic	PQ-induced PC12 cells cytotoxicity	↓iROS level, ↑GSH/GSSG level	15 μM	[44]
		solar-irradiated BJ human fibroblast	↓iROS level, ↓MMP, ↑GSH/GSSG level	25–75 μM	[45]
		intact lymphocytes	↑iROS level, ↓GSH/GSSG level, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑TR, ↑GCLC	25–50 μM	[46]
		H₂O₂-induced PC12 cells cytotoxicity	↓iROS level, ↓MDA content, ↑SOD	2.5–10 μM	[47]
		H₂O₂-induced PC12 cells cytotoxicity	↑Bcl-2/Bax, ↑p-Akt/Akt	10 μM	[47]
		CsA-induced cytotoxicity in HK-2 cells	↓iROS level, ↑GSH/GSSG level, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑NQO1, ↑GCLM ↑Bcl-2/Bax	2.5–10 μM	[48]
		tBHP-induced HaCaT cell injury	↓iROS level, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, ↑CAT, ↑p-AMPK, ↑p-Akt, ↑p-Erk1/2, ↑p-JNK, ↑p-p38	2.5–10 μM	[49]
		H/R-induced H9c2 cell injury	↓iROS level, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, ↑Nrf2, ↑NQO-1, ↑HO-1, ↓Keap1, ↑AMPK	20 μM	[50,51]
Schisandrin C	Synthetic	solar-irradiated BJ human fibroblast	↓iROS level, ↓MMP, ↑GSH/GSSG level	25–75 μM	[45]
Schisandrin C	Synthetic	LPS-stimulated HDPCs	↓iROS level, ↑SOD ↑HO-1, ↑PGC-1α, ↑Nrf2, ↑p-Akt	10–20 μM	[52]
Schisantherin A	Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.	CCl₄-treated HepG2 cells	↓TBARS level	50 μM	[39]
	Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.	CCl₄-treated HepG2 cells	↓iROS level	2–50 μM	[39]
	Schisandra sphenanthera	H/R-induced HK-2 cells	↓iROS level, ↑SOD, ↑MDA content ↑Bcl2/Bax, ↑PI3K/AKT	5–20 μM	[53]
		LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells	↓iROS level, ↑HO-1, ↑NQO-1	2.5–50 μM	[54]
		LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells	↑Nrf2	50 μM	[54]
	Synthetic	LPS-stimulated NRK-52E cells	↑γGCS, ↑Nrf2	25–50 μM	[55]
Dibenzylbutane structure group
(–)-Carinol	Carissa spinarum Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 20.2 μM	[56]
	Synthetic	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 4.4 μg/mL	[57]
	Synthetic	XOD assay	↓xanthine oxidase enzyme	IC₅₀ 219.4 μg/mL	[57]
Meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid	Machilusthunbergii Sieb, et Zucc.	CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity	↓GPT level	10–100 μM	[24]
	Machilusthunbergii Sieb, et Zucc.	CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity	↓MDA content, ↑GSH/GSSG level, ↑SOD1, ↑CAT	50 μM	[24]
	Machilusphilippinensis Merr.	fMLF-activated human neutrophils	↓O₂^•– level	IC₅₀ 0.78 ± 0.17 μM	[58]
			↓iROS level	IC₅₀ 0.79 ± 0.26 μM
			↓p-ERK, ↓p-JNK, ↓p-Akt	10 μM
		MMK-1-activated human neutrophils	↓O₂^•– level	IC₅₀ 1.17 ± 0.64 μM
		PMA-activated human neutrophils	↓iROS level	IC₅₀ 3.57 ± 3.93 μM
		ABTS assay	ABTS radical scavenging	1–10 μM
		DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging
		ORAC assay	ROS scavenging
		XOD assay	superoxide anion scavenging
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid	Larrea tridentate	DCFH assay in HL-60 cells	↓iROS level	IC₅₀ 0.7 μg/mL	[59]
	Synthetic	FL5.12 cells	↑p-ERK1/2, ↑p-JNK, ↑p-p38	20 μM	[60]
		HOCl assay	hypochlorous acid scavenging	IC₅₀ 622 ± 42 μM	[61]
		O₂^•– assay	superoxide anion scavenging	IC₅₀ 15 ± 1 μM
		OH assay	OH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 0.15 ± 0.02 μM
		¹O₂ assay	singlet oxygen scavenging	IC₅₀ 151 ± 20 μM
		ONOO assay	ONOO anion scavenging	IC₅₀ 4 ± 0.94 μM
		H₂O₂/3-NP-induced CGNs neurotoxicity	↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1	20 μM	[62]
		OH assay	OH radical scavenging	10 μM	[63]
		TPA-treated mouse model	↑GPx, ↑GR, ↑GST, ↑GSH/GSSG level, ↑SOD, ↑CAT	15–25 μM	[64]
		H₂O₂-induced LLC-PK1/MEFs cells cytotoxicity	↓iROS level, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1 ↑p-Akt, ↑p-ERK1/2, ↑p-p38, ↑p-JNK, ↑p-GSK-3	15 μM	[65]
		IAA/H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in MN and THP-1 cells	↓iROS level, ↑GSH/GSSG level ↑CD33	20 μM	[66]
		Daoy cells	↑GSH/GSSG level	75 μM	[67]
(–)-Secoisolariciresinol	Taxus yunnanensis	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 28.9 μM	[68]
	Araucaria angustifolia	rat liver microsomes	↓lipid peroxidation activity	IC₅₀ 0.1–0.15 μM	[69]
		O₂^•– assay	superoxide anion scavenging	IC₅₀ 4.8 nM
		ROO assay	peroxyl radicals scavenging	SF 3.1–4.0 mole/mole
	Piceaabies	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 9.0 ± 1.0 μM	[70]
	Linum usitatissimum Linn.	L-α-phosphatidylcholine liposome/pBR322 plasmid DNA	AAPH radical scavenging	50–100 μM	[71]
	Linum usitatissimum Linn.	L-α-phosphatidylcholine liposome/pBR322 plasmid DNA	DPPH radical scavenging	25–200 μM	[71]
	Carissa spinarum Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 26.2 μM	[56]
Secoisolariciresinol-7-hydroxyl	Piceaabies	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 12.7 ± 1.5 μM	[70]
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside	Linum usitatissimum Linn.	L-α-phosphatidylcholine liposome/pBR322 plasmid DNA	AAPH radical scavenging	10–100 μM	[71]
	Linum usitatissimum Linn.	L-α-phosphatidylcholine liposome/pBR322 plasmid DNA	DPPH radical scavenging	25–200 μM	[71]
	Synthetic	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 78.9 ± 0.29 μg/mL	[72]
	Linum usitatissimum Linn.	iron treated H9c2 cells	↓iROS level, ↑SOD, ↑Bcl-2/Bax ↓MMP-2, ↓MMP-9, ↓FOXO3a, ↓p70S6K1, ↑AMPK	500 μM	[73]
	Synthetic (LGM2605)	asbestos-exposed MFs	↓iROS level, ↓MDA content, ↓8-isoP, ↑Nrf2, ↑NQO-1, ↑HO-1, ↑GST, ↑TR, ↓nitrate/nitrite ratio	50–100 μM	[74,75]
	Synthetic (LGM2605)	LPS-stimulated AC16 cells	↓iROS level	50 μM	[76]
Dibenzylbutyrolactone structure group
Arctigenin	Synthetic	glutamate-treated rat cortical cells	↓iROS level	IC₅₀ 33.2 μM	[77]
	Synthetic	LPS-treated Raw264.7 cells	↓iROS level	5–50 μM	[78]
	Arctium lappa Linn.	glucose-starved A549 cells	↓iROS level	10 μM	[79]
	Arctium lappa Linn.	H₂O₂-treated L6 cells	↑Nrf2, ↑SOD, ↑GR, ↑GPx, ↑Trx1, ↑UCP2, ↑p-AMPK, ↑p-p53, ↑p21, ↑PGC-1α, ↑PPARα	1–20 μM	[80]
	Synthetic	MDA-MB-231 cells	↑iROS level, ↓GSH/GSSG level, ↑Nox, ↑p-p38, ↑p-ATF-2, ↓Bcl-2	5 μM	[81]
		H₂O₂-treated astrocytes	↓iROS level	10–20 μM	[82]
		intact astrocytes	↑HO-1, ↑Nrf2, ↑c-Jun, ↑p-Akt	10–20 μM	[82]
		TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells	↓iROS level, ↓Nox ↓p-Akt, ↓p-ERK1/2, ↓p-IκBα	0.5–1 μM	[83]
	Arctium lappa Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 31.47 ± 2.33 μM	[84]
	Arctium lappa Linn.	H2DCF-DA assay	↓iROS level	10–100 μM	[84]
	Synthetic	OA-treated WRL68 hepatocytes	↓MDA content ↑p-PI3K, ↑p-Akt, ↑p-AMPK	50 μM	[85]
		Hep G2 cells	↑iROS level, ↓GSH/GSSG level	5–100 μM	[86]
		Hep G2 cells	↑p-p38, ↑p-JNK	20 μM	[86]
		OGD-injured H9c2 cardiomyocytes	↓iROS level, ↓MDA content, ↑SOD ↑AMPK/SIRT1	50–200 μM	[87]
		silica-injured RAW 264.7 macrophages	↓iROS level	1 μM	[88]
Hinokinin	Synthetic	antioxidant assay	inhibition of H₂O₂ produced by Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondria	IC₅₀ 17.84 μM	[89]
Matairesinol	Cedrus deodara	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 33.24 ± 0.47 μM	[90]
	Piceaabies	rat liver microsomes	↓lipid peroxidation activity	IC₅₀ 0.28 μM	[69]
		O₂^•– assay	superoxide anion scavenging	IC₅₀ 40 nM
		ROO assay	peroxyl radicals scavenging	SF 1.0 mole/mole
		DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 14.0 ± 0.0 μM	[70]
	Arctium lappa	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 14.95 ± 0.38 μM	[84]
	Arctium lappa	H2DCF-DA assay	↓iROS level	100 μM	[84]
	Synthetic	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	20 μM	[91]
		O₂^•– assay	superoxide anion scavenging	20 μM	[91]
		hypoxia-induced HeLa cells	↓miROS levels ↓HIF-1α, ↓VEGF	10–50 μM	[92]
		LPS-stimulated NSC-34 neurons and BV2 microglia	↓MDA content, ↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GPx, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1, ↑AMPK	5–20 μM	[93]
Matairesinol-7′-hydroxyl	Piceaabies	rat liver microsomes	↓lipid peroxidation activity	IC₅₀ 0.15–0.18 μM	[69]
		O₂^•– assay	superoxide anion scavenging	IC₅₀ 217 nM
		ROO assay	peroxyl radicals scavenging	SF 2.1–2.7 mole/mole
		DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 15.7 ± 0.6 μM	[70]
		DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 20.0 ± 0.1 μM	[94]
(+)-Nortrachelogenin	Wikstroemia indica	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 90.1 μM	[95]
(–)-Nortrachelogenin	Cedrus deodara	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 36.79 ± 1.69 μM	[90]
	Pinus contorta	rat liver microsomes	↓lipid peroxidation activity	IC₅₀ 0.14–0.19 μM	[69]
		O₂^•– assay	superoxide anion scavenging	IC₅₀ 1.4 nM
		ROO assay	peroxyl radicals scavenging	SF 2.0–2.2 mole/mole
	Piceaabies	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 17.7 ± 1.5 μM	[70]
	Carissa carandas Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 30.2 μM	[96]
	Carissa spinarum Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 35.8 μM	[56]
	Galactites elegans	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 38.6 ± 2.7 μM	[97]
	Galactites elegans	BHP-treated Jurkat cells	peroxyl radicals scavenging	50 μM	[97]
Furanoid structure group
(+)-Lariciresinol	Abies balsamea	rat liver microsomes	↓lipid peroxidation activity	IC₅₀ 0.17–0.35 μM	[69]
		O₂^•– assay	superoxide anion scavenging	IC₅₀ 35 nM
		ROO assay	peroxyl radicals scavenging	SF 1.0–2.6 mole/mole
	Hemerocallis fulva	LUVs assay	↓lipid peroxidation activity	50 μg/mL	[98]
	Piceaabies	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 10.7 ± 1.2 μM	[70]
	Ephedra viridis	DCFH assay in HL-60 cells	↓iROS level	IC₅₀ 17.7 μg/mL	[26]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	HO assay	HO^• scavenging	IC₅₀ 0.70 ± 0.13 μg/mL	[27]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 22.4 ± 3.0 μg/mL	[27]
	Rubia philippinensis	ABTS assay	ABTS radical scavenging	12.5–50 μM	[99]
		DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	12.5–50 μM
		HO assay	HO^• scavenging	1.5–6 μM
		ORAC assay	↓ROO^•-induced oxidation	1.5–6 μM
		CUPRAC assay	cupric-reducing potentiality	6.25–50 μM
		FRAP assay	ferric-reducing potentiality	6.25–50 μM
		AAPH-treated RAW 264.7 cells	↓iROS level	12.5–50 μM
		RAW 264.7 cells	↑Nrf2, ↑SOD1, ↑CAT, ↑GPx, ↑HO-1, ↑NQO1, ↑GCLc, ↑GCLm ↑p-p38, ↑p-ERK1/2	12.5–50 μM
Nectandrin B	Myristica fragrans	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	5–50 μg/mL	[100]
		old HDFs	↓p-AMPK, ↑p-PI3K, ↑p-Akt, ↓p-ERK1/2, ↓p-p38	10–20 μg/mL
		H₂O₂/palmitic acid-treated old HDFs	↓iROS level, ↑SOD1,2	10–20 μg/mL
(−)-Olivil	Carissa spinarum Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 18.1 μM	[56]
Taxiresinol	Taxus yunnanensis	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 18.4 μM	[68]
Furofuranoid structure group
4-ketopinoresinol	Coixlachryma-jobi Linn. var. ma-yuen Stapf	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 52.7 ± 4.6 μg/mL	[101]
		H₂O₂-induced HSC-3 cell cytotoxicity	↓iROS level	12.5–50 μM	[102]
			↑GSH/GSSG level	50 μM
			↑Nrf2	6.25–50 μM
			↑HO-1, ↑AKR1C1-3, ↑ABCC2, ↑GR, ↑GCLC, ↑GCLM, ↑TR, ↑ABCC5, ↑PI3K/Akt	25 μM
	Galactites elegans	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 143.3 ± 13.1 μM	[97]
	Galactites elegans	BHP-treated Jurkat cells	peroxyl radicals scavenging	50 μM	[97]
Dendranlignan A	Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.)	LPS-induced H9c2 cells	↓iROS level	10 μM	[103]
Isoeucommin A	Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.	high-glucose-stimulated HRMCs	↓MDA content, ↑SOD,↑p-GSK-3β, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1	62.5–125 μM	[104]
Koreanaside A	Forsythia koreana	ORAC assay	↓ROO^•-induced oxidation	25 μg/mL	[105]
Koreanaside A	Forsythia koreana	MOVAS cells	↓VCAM-1	25 μg/mL	[105]
Pinoresinol	Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.)	Cu2+-induced LDL lipid peroxidation	↓lipid peroxidation activity	IC₅₀ 1.39 μM	[106]
	Eucalyptus globulus Labill	rat liver microsomes	↓lipid peroxidation activity	IC₅₀ 7.9 μg/mL	[107]
	Piceaabies	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 17.7 ± 0.6 μM	[70]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 34.7 ± 5.0 μg/mL	[27]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	HO assay	HO^• scavenging	IC₅₀ 1.8 ± 0.2 μg/mL	[27]
	Carissa spinarum Linn.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 43.4 μM	[56]
	Forsythia koreana	ORAC assay	↓ROO^•-induced oxidation	25 μg/mL	[105]
	Galactites elegans	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 50.8 ± 3.1 μM	[97]
	Cinnamon	intact Beas-2B cells	↑Nrf2, ↑NQO1, ↑γ-GCS	25 μM	[108]
	Cinnamon	As(III)-induced Beas-2B cells injury	↓iROS level, ↑GSH/GSSG level	25 μM	[108]
Pinoresinol diglucoside	Eucommia ulmoides	oxLDL-induced HUVECs cytotoxicity	↓iROS level, ↓MDA content, ↑SOD	1 μM	[109]
Sesamin	Sesamum indicum Linn.	oxLDL-induced HUVECs cytotoxicity	↓iROS level, ↑SOD1 ↑Bcl-2/Bax level	12.5–100 μM	[110]
	Synthetic	KA-induced PC12 and BV-2 cells	↓iROS level, ↓MDA content	0.1–2 μM	[111]
	Sesamum indicum Linn.	dexamethasone-treated osteoblasts	↓iROS level, ↑Bcl-2/Bax, ↑p-Akt	5–20 μM	[112]
		H₂O₂-induced Caco-2 cell cytotoxicity	↓iROS, ↑GSH/GSSG level, ↓MDA content, ↑SOD, ↑Nrf2, ↓Keap1, ↑HO-1, ↑NQO1, ↑GCLC, ↑GCLM, ↑GR, ↑p-AKT, ↑p-ERK1/2	20–80 μM	[113]
		H₂O₂-induced SH-SY5Y cell cytotoxicity	↓iROS level, ↑SOD2, ↑CAT ↑FoxO3a, ↑SIRT1, ↑SIRT3	1 μM	[114]
Syringaresinol	Coixlachryma-jobi Linn. var. ma-yuen Stapf	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 24.6 ± 3.1 μg/mL	[101]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	DPPH assay	DPPH radical scavenging	IC₅₀ 29.7 ± 2.0 μg/mL	[27]
	Euterpe oleracea Mart.	HO assay	HO^• scavenging	IC₅₀ 0.40 ± 0.13 μg/mL	[27]
	Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer	H/R-induced H9c2 cells	↓iROS level, ↑MnSOD, ↑CAT, ↑LC3, ↑Bcl-2/Bax, ↓HIF-1, ↑FoxO3a, ↓BNIP3, ↓cCYC, ↑mCYC	25 μM	[115]
	Sargentodoxa cuneata	high glucose-injured NRVMs	↑Nrf2, ↑NQO-1, ↑HO-1, ↓Keap1, ↑SOD, ↑Bcl-2/Bax	50–100 μM	[116]

3-NP, 3-nitropropionic acid; 8-isoP, 8-iso prostaglandin F2α; γ-GCS, γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase; AAPH assay, 2,20-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride radical-scavenging method; ABCC, ATP-dependent drug efflux pumps (ATP-binding cassette), subfamily C (CFTR/MRP) members; ABTS assay, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid radical-scavenging method; AC16 cells, human ventricular cardiomyocyte-derived cell line; AKR1C1-3, aldo-keto reductase 1 subunits C-1-3; AKT, protein kinase B; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ATF-2, activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor; BNIP3, Bcl-2 interacting protein 3; BV-2 cells, murine microglial cell line; CAT, catalase; CD33, myeloid cell-specific type I transmembrane glycoprotein; CsA, cyclosporine A; CUPRAC assay, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity method; CYC c/m, cytochrom c in the cytosolic/mitochondrial fraction; CYP, cytochrome P450; DCFH-DA assay, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate radical-scavenging method; DON, trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol; DPPH assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging method; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; fMLF, N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe; Fox, class O forkhead/winged helix transcription factor; FRAP assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power method; GCLC/M, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytic/modifier subunit; GPT level, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase content; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH/GSSG level, ratio of reduced glutathione with oxidized glutathione; GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; GST, glutathione-S-thansferase; H2DCF-DA assay, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate; H9c2 cells, embryonic rat heart derived cell line; HDF, human diploid fibroblast; HDPCs, human dental pulp cells; HIF-1, hypoxia induction factor 1; HK-2, human renal tubular epithelial cells; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HO assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging method; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; HRMCs, human renal mesangial cells; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IAA, iodoacetate; IκBα, inhibitor of κB; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; KA, kainic acid; Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; LC3, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LUVs assay, inhibition of the oxidation of large unilamellar vesicles method; MDA, malondialdehyde; MDA-MB-231, ER-negative breast adenocarcinoma cells; MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts; MMK-1, Leu-Glu-Ser-Ile-Phe- Arg-Ser-Leu-Leu-Phe-Arg-Val-Met; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase; MOVAS, mouse vascular smooth muscle cell line; Nox, NADPH oxidase; NQO1, NADPH quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1; Nrf2, nuclear transcription factor-erythroid 2 related factor; NRVMs, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes; OA, oleic acid; OGD, oxygen glucose deprivation; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; ORAC antioxidant assay, inhibition of peroxyl-radical-induced oxidation initiation by thermal decomposition of AAPH; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; p70S6K1, p70S6 Kinase 1; PC12 cells, rat pheochromacytoma cell line; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PI3K/AKT pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; POX, peroxidase; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PRDx3, peroxiredoxin 3; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; ROO assay, peroxyl radicals scavenging method; iROS, intracellular reactive oxygen species; SF, stoichiometric factor (moles peroxyl radicals scavenged per mole of compound); SH-SY5Y, human neuroblastoma cell line; SIRT1, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SOD1, cytoplasmic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase; SOD assay, superoxide radical scavenging method; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; tBHP, tert-butylhydroperoxide; TEAC assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity test; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; TR, thioredoxin reductase; TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6; Trolox, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid; Trx1, thioredoxin 1; UCP2, uncoupling protein 2; VEGF, vascular endothelial cell growth factor; XOD, xanthine oxidase; ZnPP, zinc protoporphyrin IX. Downward-pointing red arrows reflect the downregulatory action, upward-pointing green arrows reflect the upregulatory action.