Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study cohorts.
| Variable | Study Cohorts | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tramadol (n = 9141) | NSAIDs (n = 3047) | ||
| Age group (No., %) | |||
| 18 ≤ age < 30 | 1378 (11.3) | 993 (10.9) | |
| 30 ≤ age < 40 | 1847 (15.2) | 1394 (15.2) | |
| 40 ≤ age < 50 | 2628 (21.6) | 2011 (22.0) | |
| 50 ≤ age < 60 | 2202 (18.1) | 1715 (18.8) | |
| 60 ≤ age < 70 | 2074 (17.0) | 1596 (17.5) | |
| 70 ≤ age < 80 | 2059 (16.9) | 1432 (15.7) | |
| Gender (No., %) | |||
| Female | 3959 (43.3) | 1257 (41.3) | |
| Male | 5182 (56.7) | 1790 (58.7) | |
| Comorbidities (No., %) | |||
| Chronic liver disease | 1340 (14.7) | 441 (14.5) | 0.801 |
| Malignant neoplasms | 2205 (24.1) | 702 (23.0) | 0.224 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 646 (7.1) | 215 (7.1) | 0.984 |
| Hypertension | 3048 (33.3) | 981 (32.2) | 0.243 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1148 (12.6) | 408 (13.4) | 0.234 |
| Concomitant medications (No., %) | |||
| Beta-blockade | 2568 (28.1) | 851 (27.9) | 0.861 |
| Statins | 848 (9.3) | 276 (9.1) | 0.718 |
| Corticosteroids | 4061 (44.4) | 1422 (46.7) | 0.031 |
NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.