Table 2.
Association between administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
| Variable | No. of Subjects | No. of T2DM Cases | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ||||
| Tramadol | 9141 | 1737 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| NSAIDs | 3047 | 159 | 0.34 (0.29–0.40) | 0.31 (0.26–0.36) |
| Exposure duration (days) | ||||
| 1–3215 | 10154 | 1873 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 3216–4013 | 1016 | 20 | 0.12 (0.07–0.18) | 0.11 (0.07–0.17) |
| ≧4014 | 3 | 0.06 (0.02–0.14) | 0.04 (0.01–0.12) | |
| p for trend | 1018 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| cDDD | ||||
| 0–15 | 10,164 | 1791 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 16–32 | 1017 | 55 | 0.56 (0.43–0.73) | 0.74 (0.51–1.08) |
| ≧32 | 1007 | 50 | 0.34 (0.26–0.46) | 0.50 (0.34–0.73) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | 0.002 |
cDDD, cumulative defined daily dose; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, index date, comorbidities, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, chronic liver disease, and malignant neoplasms, as well as use of concomitant medications, including beta blocking agents, statins, and corticosteroids.