Table 3.
Association between the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stratified by sex and age.
| Variable | No. of Subjects | No. of T2DM Cases | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | ||||
| Tramadol | 5182 | 1087 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| NSAIDs | 1790 | 101 | 0.33 (0.27–0.40) | 0.30 (0.25–0.37) |
| Female | ||||
| Tramadol | 3959 | 650 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| NSAIDs | 1257 | 58 | 0.36 (0.27–0.47) | 0.35 (0.27–0.46) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <40 | ||||
| Tramadol | 2387 | 194 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| NSAIDs | 838 | 15 | 0.34 (0.20–0.57) | 0.33 (0.19–0.55) |
| 40–59 | ||||
| Tramadol | 3726 | 874 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| NSAIDs | 1104 | 92 | 0.42 (0.34–0.52) | 0.38 (0.31–0.48) |
| ≧60 | ||||
| Tramadol | 3028 | 669 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| NSAIDs | 1105 | 52 | 0.26 (0.20–0.35) | 0.26 (0.19–0.34) |
DM, diabetes mellitus; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. Hazard ratios were adjusted for age, sex, index date, comorbidities, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease and malignant neoplasms as well as use of concomitant medications, including beta blocking agents, statins, and corticosteroids.