Table 1.
Delivery systems and in vitro release time of growth factors and extracellular vesicles associated with hydrogels with different compositions.
| Hydrogel Composition | GF/EXO/EV | Delivery System * | Release Time | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiolated chitosan + carboxymethyl cellulose |
TGF-β1 | Scaffold | 21 days | [125] |
| Sulfated carboxymethyl cellulose + carboxymethyl cellulose + gelatin | TGF-β1 | Scaffold | 30 days | [126] |
| Alginate-poly(acrylamide) | TGF-β3 | Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticle | 60 days | [127] |
| Oligo (poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) | TGF-β1 | Gelatin microparticles | 28 days | [128] |
| Thiolated gelatin + poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate |
IGF-1 | Poly(ethylene adipate)/ heparin coacervates |
21 days | [129] |
| Silk fibroin hydrogel | TGF-β1 and BMP-2 | Chitosan nanoparticles (TGF-β1); Scaffold (BMP-2) | Up to 15 days (both) | [130] |
| Silk fibroin hydrogel | MGF and TGF-β3 | Scaffold | 28 days (both) | [131] |
| Aldehyde-functionalized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) + gelatin methacryloyl (GM) |
EXO from BM-MSCs | Scaffold | 14 days | [132] |
| dECM + gelatin methacrylate | EXO from BM-MSCs | Scaffold | 14 days | [133] |
| dECM | EXO from ASCs | Scaffold | 28 days | [134] |
| O-nitrobenzyl alcohol moieties modified hyaluronic acids (HA-NB) + gelatin |
EXO from hiPSCs-MSC | Scaffold | 14 days | [135] |
| Poloxamer-407 and 188 mixture | PRP-EXO | Scaffold | 1 month | [136] |
| Poly(D,L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA, PLEL) |
Small EVs (circRNA3503) from Synovium MSCs | Scaffold | up to 35 days | [137] |
| Gelatin methacrylate (Gelma) + nanoclay |
Small EV from hUMSC | Scaffold | 31 days | [138] |
* Delivery systems are differentiated into: (1) factors or extracellular vesicles only incorporated into the hydrogel (scaffold) or (2) factors initially encapsulated and then associated with the hydrogel. ASC: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, BM-MSC: bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell, BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein 2, dECM: decellularized extracellular matrix, EV: extracellular vesicles, EXO: exosome, GF: growth factor, hiPSC-MSC: human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived MSCs, hUMSC: human umbilical-cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell, IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1, MGF: mechano growth factor, PRP: platelet-rich plasma-derived, TGF-β: transforming growth factor β.