Table 3.
Quality assessment of individual study.
| Author | Bias due to Confounding | Bias in Selection of Partecipants | Bias Due to Missing Data | Bias in Classification of Interventions |
Bias in Measurement of Outcomes | Bias in Selection of the Results | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Niederacher et al., 1998 [19] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Goshen et al., 2000 [20] | Serious | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Serious |
| Levine et al., 2001 [21] | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Thompson et al., 2002 [29] | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Lavie et al., 2004 [22] | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious |
| Biron-Shental et al., 2006 [23] | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| Beiner et al., 2007 [30] | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Bruchim et al., 2010 [24] | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Serious |
| Barak et al., 2010 [8] | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious |
| Reitsma et al., 2012 [14] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Pennington et al., 2013 [25] | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious |
| Segev et al., 2013 [31] | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Casey et al., 2015 [13] | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Mahdi et al., 2015 [26] | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious |
| Segev et al., 2015 [32] | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Serious |
| Zakhour et al., 2016 [33] | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Shu et al., 2016 [12] | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Serious |
| Lee et al., 2017 [35] | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Serious |
| Bogani et al., 2017 [34] | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Mining et al., 2018 [36] | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious |
| Saule et al., 2018 [15] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Laitman et al., 2018 [11] | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious |
| Kadan et al., 2018 [27] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Kitson et al., 2020 [37] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Vietri et al., 2021 [28] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |