Table 1.

Effects of selected graphene-based nanomaterials on treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, and other diseases.

Nanocomposites	Effects	Refs.
GO	toxicity to MDA-MB-231 cells	[114]
GO	inhibition of E. coli	[121]
GO	inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus	[125]
GO	protection of A549 and TC28a2 cells against Rubella virus infection	[119]
GO	antiangiogenic effect in primary human endothelial Huvec cells	[128]
COOH-CO–99mTc	imaging agent	[129]
Pluronic–COOH-GO–ZnO	toxicity to U87MG and U138MG cells	[130]
PEG–GO + NIR irradiation	growth inhibition of HT29 cells (wound closure ability)	[134]
GO, PCA–CA–GO, PCA–CA–FA–GO	inhibition cell cycle at G2/M phase of HepG2 cells depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential upregulation of ROS	[137]
benzofurazans modified GO	inhibition of biofilm formation (S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa) cytotoxic to HCT-116 cells	[127]
functionalized (poly-l-lysine, CS, alginate, dextran, PEG, PVP, polyetherimide, AlO(OH) loaded with urease B, ovalbumin) GO	activation of cellular and humoral immunity	[122]
Ag−GO	kills B. subtilis, E. faecalis, MRSA, S. aureus, E. coli, S. marcescens, Shigella sp., Salmonella sp., S. liquefaciens, Proteus sp., E. cloacae, and P. aeruginosa	[140]
Cu−GO	inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation alterations in biofilm architecture damaged production and distribution of exopolysaccharides dysregulated expression of exopolysaccharide-associated genes	[142]
Au–GO	antioxidative activity ↑ cell viability of MSCs ↓ activity of platelets ↑ cell motility and differentiation of various MSCs-derived cell types ↓ induction of fibrotic formation ↓ M1 macrophage polarization ↑ induction of M2 macrophage ↑ endothelialization	[145]
TiO2–GO + NIR irradiation	inhibition of S. mutans hyperthermia ROS generation	[143]
polyaniline–MnOx–GOQDs + irradiation (365 nm)	antimicrobial activity to E.coli and S. aureus oxidative stress via generation of ·OH radicals and photogenerated holes	[144]
PEG–GO loaded with anticancer drugs	controlled release of drugs and bioimaging	[132]
FA–GO loaded with Pt anticancer drugs	↑ cumulative release rate of drugsinhibition SKOV3 cells	[136]
FA–GO loaded with raloxifene	pH-dependent drug release cytotoxic to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells	[135]
mannose–CS–GO loaded with ulvan	pH-dependent-controlled release and targeted delivery to U87 cells	[131]
Pluronic−GO loaded with DOX	apoptosis of U251 cells impact on MAPK signaling pathway activation of caspase-3 in U251 cells	[139]
Au@Ag–Fe3O4–GO loaded with DOX	covalent binding to anti-HER2 antibody active and passive targeting of SKBR3 cells pH-dependent drug release	[146]
Fe3O4@PEG–GO loaded with DOX	pH-dependent drug release ↑ apoptotic effects against MCF-7 cells	[151]
PVP–Fe3O4–GO loaded with quercetin	pH-dependent drug release ↑ toxicity to MDA MB 231 cells	[147]
β-cyclodextrin–cholic acid–hyaluronic acid–Fe3O4–GO loaded with camptothecin	multiple targeting (hepatic, CD44-receptor) ↑ local chemo-photothermal effects apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells release of drug	[148]
SPION–PCL/CS–GO loaded with 5-FU + magnetic field	↑ tumor site temperature ↓ plating efficiency of the cells ↑ Bax/Bcl-2 ratio↓ growth of CT-26 cells	[149]
γ-Fe2O3–GO–MitP loaded with MTX	release of drug ↓ ATP production ↓ mitochondrial membrane potential impairment of mitochondrial functions activation of apoptosis	[150]
citric acid–CS–TEPA–rGO	inhibition of biofilm formation (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa) (wound dressings)	[155]
Ag–rGO	photoantimicrobial activities inactivation of S. aureus under blue-light irradiation	[160]
Zn–hydroxyapatite–rGO	↑ antibacterial activity ↑ enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity ↑ proliferation of mesenchymal stem	[161]
ZnO–rGO	enhanced catechin release at acidic pH antiproliferative effect inhibition of biofilm formation ↑ ROS generation ↑ cell membrane damage ↑ cytochrome C release ↑ apoptosis	[162]
FA–Au–rGO +NIR irradiation	improved generation of 1O2 high photothermal conversion efficiency destruction of MCF-7 cells	[159]
arabinoxylan–CS–rGO loaded with sulfadiazine	controlled release of drug	[156]
Pluronic–rGO loaded with buprenorphine	prolonged release of drug (treatment of chronic pain in osteoarthritis)	[157]
Pluronic–rGO loaded with lidocaine	prolonged release of drug (prolonged effects of local anesthesia)	[158]