Table 2.

Effects of two-dimensional graphene-based nanomaterials on harmful insects.

GBNs	Insect	Dose of GBNs	Effects	Refs.
GRQDs−cysteine protease from seeds of Albizia procera	Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica	7 mg/g	↓ number of eggs and larvae ↑ larval mortality ↓ adult eclosion	[170]
GO	Ostrinia furnacalis	500, 1000, 2000 μg/g	↑ larval and pupal weights ↑ pupation rate ↓ larval development time ↑ cholesterol, lipids, and triacylglycerides ↑ trypsin-like serine protease, glutathione S-transferase, heat shock protein, and glycosyl-transferase	[164]
GO-cyhalothrin GO-bifenthrin GO-fenpropathrin	Tetranychus urticae Koch	37.5–300 μg/mL 31.25–250 μg/mL	↑ activity of pesticides (based on IC50 values) temperature-responsive release	[176]
GO	Bombyx mori ovary cell line larvae	>25 mg/L 25 mg/L	↑ oxidative stress, ROS, DNA damage ↓ gonadosomatic index ↑ oxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activity ovary tissues ↓ number of oogonia and oocytes in ovarian tissues ↓ amount of spawning	[168]
GO	Spodoptera frugiperda	1000 μg/g of diet d.m.	↓ fecundity and fertility ↓ efficiency of food conversion into biomass ↓ maximal approximate digestibility	[169]
GO+β-cyfluthrin GO+monosultap GO+imidacloprid	Ostrinia furnacalis	12.5–100 μg/mL 62.5–500 μg/mL 125–1000 μg/mL	↑ mortality synergistic effect on insecticidal activity ↑ dehydratation of the insect shrinking of the cuticle and damage to cement layer structure	[177]