Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included randomized controlled trials.
| Author | Country | Number of Participants | Age (Mean, SD) | Male (n, %) | HbA1c at Baseline (Mean, SD) | BMI kg/m2 at Baseline (Mean, SD) | Liraglutide Starting and Maximum Doses | Type of Control | Length of Treatment or Following | Primary Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astrup, 2012 | Denmark | 191 | 45.9 (10.7) | 48 (25%) | LG: 5.6 (0.4); Control: 5.6 (0.4) | NR | Liraglutide 3.0 mg once-daily (increased by 0.6 mg/week) | Placebo | 52 weeks | Body weight loss and glycemic parameters |
| Blackman, 2016 | USA | 359 | 48.6 (9.9) | 258 (73%) | LG: 5.7 (0.4); Control: 5.6 (0.4) |
LG: 38.9 (6.4); Control: 39.4 (7.4) |
Liraglutide 3.0 mg once-daily (increased by 0.6 mg/week) | Placebo | 32 weeks | Apnea–hypopnea index and Body weight loss |
| Halawi, 2017 | USA | 40 | 37 (29.2) | NR | NR | LG: 37.2 (8.2); Control: 34.6 (6.4) |
Liraglutide was administered as recommended by the FDA: initiated at 0.6 mg daily for 1 week, with instructions to increase by 0.6 mg weekly until 3.0 mg was reached (over 4 weeks). | Placebo | 16 weeks | Body weight loss |
| Kim, 2013 | USA | 51 | 58 (7) | 18 (35%) | NR | LG: 31.9 (2.7); Control: 31.9 (3.5) |
The starting dose of medication was 0.6 mg; the dose was titrated by 0.6 mg weekly to a maximum dose of 1.8 mg. | Placebo | 14 weeks | Body weight loss and inflammatory markers |
| Larsen, 2017 | Denmark | 103 | 42.1 (10.7) | 60 (58%) | LG: 5.6 (0.4); Control: 5.5 (0.4) |
LG: 33.7 (5.1); Control: 33.9 (6.6) |
The participants followed a fixed uptitration schedule of 0.6 mg per week to a daily dose of 1.8 mg. | Placebo | 16 weeks | Glucose tolerance, Body weight loss |
| Lean, 2014 | UK | 188 | 45.9 (10.7) | 48 (26%) | NR | LG: 34.8 (2.8); Control: 34.9 (2.8) |
Liraglutide doses of 3.0 mg were administered once daily by evening subcutaneous injection, starting with doses of 0.6 mg per day and increasing by weekly increments of 0.6 mg (dose escalation). | Placebo | 20 weeks | Adverse events |
| Le Roux, 2017 | USA | 2254 | NR | 540 (24%) | LG: 5.8 (0.3); Control: 5.7 (0.3) |
LG: 38.8 (6.4); Control: 39 (6.3) |
Start Liraglutide at 0.6 mg with weekly 0.6 mg incremental increases to 3.0 mg. | Placebo | 56 weeks | Proportion of individuals with type 2 diabetes, Body weight loss |
| O’Neil | USA | 957 | 47 (12) | 338 (35%) | LG: 5.5 (0.4); Control: 5.5 (0.4) |
LG: 38.6 (6.6); Control: 40.1 (7.2) |
Liraglutide (3·0 mg) as once-daily subcutaneous injections | Placebo | 52 weeks | Body weight loss |
| Pi-sunyer, 2015 | USA | 3731 | 45.2 (12.1) | 803 (22%) | LG: 5.6 (0.4); Control: 5.6 (0.4) |
LG: 38.3 (6.4); Control: 39.3 (6.3) |
Starting at a dose of 0.6 mg with weekly 0.6 mg increments to 3.0 mg | Placebo | 56 weeks | Body weight loss |
| Saxena | USA | 56 | 46 (10.9) | 18 (32%) | NR | NR | Liraglutide initiated at a dose of 0.6 mg/day and escalated by 0.6 mg/week up to a maximum of 3.0 mg/day) | Placebo | 6 weeks | Change from baseline (CFB) in mean EI (in kcal) during ad libitum lunch meals. |
| Svensson, 2019 | Denmark | 97 | 42.1 (10.7) | 60 (62%) | NR | LG: 38.9 (6.4); Control: 39.4 (7.4) |
Starting at a dose of 0.6 mg with weekly 0.6-mg increments to 1.8 mg | Placebo | 16 weeks | Body weight loss |
| Wadden, 2013 | USA | 222 | 45.9 (11.9) | 37 (17%) | LG: 5.6 (0.4); Control: 5.6 (0.4) |
LG: 36(5.9); Control: 35.2 (5.9) |
Liraglutide 3.0 mg once-daily | Placebo | 56 weeks | Body weight loss |
SD: Standard deviation; BMI: Body mass index; LG: Liraglutide group; NR: No registered.