Table 1.

Research progress on neuroinflammation in VCID patients and VCID animal models.

	Subject	Immune Cells	Immune Mediators	Immune Signaling Pathways	References
Patient	Vascular cognitive impairment dementia	/	ACT, IL-6 $\uparrow$	/	[29]
Animal models	Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Stenosis (BCAS)	Activation of microglia and astrocytes	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α $\uparrow$	/	[110]
		Activation of microglia and astrocytes	ICAM-1, VCAM-1 $\uparrow$	/	[113]
		Oligodendrocyte precursor cell activation	MMP-9 $\uparrow$	/	[34]
		Axonal-glial integrity destruction	/	JAK/STAT $\uparrow$	[117]
		Activation of microglia and astrocytes; Demyelination	IL-1β, IL-6 $\uparrow$	NF-κB/STAT3 $\uparrow$	[124]
	2-Vessel Gradual Occlusion (2-VGO)	Activation of microglia and astrocytes	TNF-α, MCP-1 $\uparrow$	/	[111]
	Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion (BCAO)	Activation of microglia; Demyelination	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α$\uparrow$	C3-C3aR/ITGAM $\uparrow$	[86]
		Activation of microglia and astrocytes	IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 $\uparrow$	TLR4/MyD88/p38/MAPK $\uparrow$	[112]
		/	ICAM-1, VCAM-1 $\uparrow$	/	[114]
		Activation of microglia and astrocytes	IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-2 $\uparrow$	/	[116]
		Activation of microglia	IL-6, TNF-α $\uparrow$	TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB $\uparrow$	[121]
	Asymmetric Common Carotid Artery surgery (ACAS)	/	IL-6 $\uparrow$ IL-4, IL-10 $\downarrow$	/	[109]
	Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy)	Activation of microglia	MMP-2, MMP-9 $\uparrow$		[94]
		Activation of microglia; Activation of astrocytes, pseudopodia rupture and AQP4 channel decrease	IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, MMP-2, MMP-9 $\uparrow$	/	[95]