Table 7.

Indications for surgical intervention in pediatric infective endocarditis.

Indications for Surgery in Patients with Infective Endocarditis
Valve dysfunction resulting in symptoms of heart failure
Left-sided IE caused by S. aureus
Fungal or highly resistant microorganisms
Complications: heart block, annular or aortic abscess, pseudoaneurism or fistulae
Persistent infection (persistent bacteremia, fever > 5–7 days despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy)
Relapsing infection (recurrence of bacteremia after a complete antibiotic course)
Persistent vegetation and recurrent emboli despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy
Persistent fever