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. 2022 May 31;15(11):3929. doi: 10.3390/ma15113929

Table 1.

Previous studies on the type of method to manufacture lightweight aggregate.

Researcher Method Raw
Materials		 Additives Significant Finding
Kwek et al. (2022) [16] Sintering Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Silt Alkaline activator (NaOH and Na2SiO3) and lime
  • -

    The bulk density can obtain as low as 1.18 kg/m3

  • -

    The individual crushing strength is almost the same as commercialized aggregate used in lightweight concrete
Kwek and Awang (2021) [23] Sintering Palm Oil Fuel Ash Alkaline activator (NaOH and Na2SiO3) and lime
  • -

    The strength of the aggregate achieved to be utilized for lightweight constructions or insulating concrete
Li et al. (2020) [30] Sintering Sewage sludge Waste glass powder
  • -

    The addition of waste glass powder helps in reduction of water absorption
Ren et al. (2020) [31] Sintering Fly ash and clay Coke particles
  • -

    Coke particles reduce the apparent density
Chien et al. (2020) [19] Sintering Industrial sludge and marine clay Na2CO3
  • -

    The Na2CO3 can reduce the specific gravity and the firing temperature required for production of lightweight aggregate
Abdullah et al. (2021) [32] Cold bonding Fly ash Alkaline activator (NaOH and Na2SiO3)
  • -

    NaOH molarity will affect the strength of the aggregate

  • -

    12 M of NaOH provide the optimum mix design of geopolymer aggregate
Risdanareni et al. (2020) [22] Cold bonding Fly ash Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
  • -

    6 M of NaOH brought a positive impact to aggregate strength

  • -

    The highest compressive strength at 8 M of NaOH
UI Rehman et al. (2020) [33] Cold bonding Fly ash, Slag Cement (Cement based) and Alkaline activator (Geopolymer based)
  • -

    Lightweight aggregate produced from cement based is strongest

  • -

    Aggregate with hot water curing shows good properties as it can withstand half of the compressive load as compared to normal aggregate
Vali and Murugan (2020) [34] Cold bonding Fly ash, GGBS, hydrated lime glass fibers
  • -

    Lightweight aggregate produced achieved the requirement for structural components
Patel et al. (2019) [35] Cold bonding Fly ash Styrene-butadiene rubber
  • -

    Compressive strength increase compared to normal lightweight aggregate concrete
Tang et al. (2019) [36] Cold bonding Concrete slurry waste (CSW) and fine incineration bottom ash (IBA) Cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)
  • -

    Addition of cement or GGBS as the additives in the manufacturing process will increase the strength of the aggregate
Wang et al. (2022) [37] Autoclaved Quartz tailings, fly ash, cement Alkaline activator (NaOH and Na2SiO3)
  • -

    The strength of aggregate increase from 7.61 MPa to 10.20 MPa when increasing the autoclaved pressure

  • -

    The water absorption decreases from 2.22% to 1.83% when increasing the autoclaved pressure
Wang et al. (2020) [38] Autoclaved Quartz tailings, fly ash Quicklime
  • -

    The compressive strength is high

  • -

    Higher structure efficiency for quartz tailing aggregate concrete