Table 4.
List of the main mitochondrial/cytosolic proteins involved in interactions with the reported lipophilic vitamin-related cofactors. All the indicated web-links were accessed on 8 April 2022 for a final check.
| Small Molecule/Cofactor | Cofactor Protein Associations | Gene Name | Protein Targets from HMDB |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lipoic acid | Lipoyl synthase | LIAS | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014312/metabolite_protein_links |
| Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase ACSM1 | ACSM1 | ||
| Lipoyltransferase 1 | LIPT1 | ||
| Retinol—A | Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1; endoplasmic reticulum | DGAT1 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000305/metabolite_protein_links |
| Retinol dehydrogenase; endoplasmic reticulum | RDH | ||
| Alcohol dehydrogenase; cytoplasm | ADH | ||
| Lecithin retinol acyltransferase; endoplasmic reticulum and other locations | LRAT | ||
| 17-Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6; endosome and endoplasmic reticulum | HSD17B6 | ||
| Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase; endoplasmic reticulum | AWAT | ||
| All-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase; endoplasmic reticulum | RETSAT | ||
| Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3; membrane | DHRS3 | ||
| Epidermal retinol dehydrogenase 2; endoplasmic reticulum | SDR16C5 | ||
| Calciferol—D | Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme | CYP11A1 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000876/metabolite_protein_links |
| Sterol 26-hydroxylase | CYP27A1 | ||
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase | CYP27B1 | ||
| 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-hydroxylase | CYP24A1 | ||
| UMP-CMP kinase 2 | CMPK2 | ||
| α-Tocopherol—E | Superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn) | SOD1 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001893/metabolite_protein_links |
| Phylloquinone—K | NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1; cytoplasm | NQO1 | https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0003555/metabolite_protein_links |
| Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase; endoplasmic reticulum | GCCX | ||
| Osteocalcin; secreted | BGLAP | ||
| Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1; endoplasmic reticulum | VKORC1 |