Table 1.

Summary of HER performance of graphene-based electrocatalysts.

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	Onset Potential/Overpotential	Tafel Slope (mV·dec−1)	Stability	Ref.
ReSe2 nanoflakes/rGO	0.5 M H2SO4	145.3 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	40.7	24 h	Yan et al. [86]
Ni0.85Se nanospheres/rGO	1 M KOH	128 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	91	18 h, 1000 CV	Zhu et al. [91]
Conducting scaffold-supported 3D rGO-CNT/MoS2 nanostructure	0.5 M H2SO4	123.75 (vs. REH) at 100 mA cm−2	31		Bolar et al. [96]
	1 M KOH	217.61 (vs. REH) at 50 mA cm−2	52
3D Pd nanosponge-shaped networks wrapped by graphene dots	0.5 M H2SO4	32 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	33	15 h, 3000 CV	Nguyen et al. [99]
3D graphene hollow nanospheres supported ruthenium phosphides	1.0 M KOH	25.5 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	34.4	10 h, 1000 CV	Li et al. [101]
Ru Nanoclusters/N-graphene	1.0 M KOH	25.9 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	32.6	2000 CV	Li et al. [113]
FeCoNiB@Boron-doped vertically aligned graphene arrays	1.0 M KOH	31 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	30	10 h	Jiang et al. [119]
Plasma-etched, S-doped graphene	0.5 M H2SO4	178 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	86	20 h, 3000 CV	Tian et al. [120]
3D porous NG derivative-integrated MoS2 nanosheet	0.5 M H2SO4	157 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	45.8	10 h, 1000 CV	Zang et al. [122]
3D FeP NT/PG	0.5 M H2SO4	69 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	52.4	40 h, 1000 CV	Yu et al. [125]
A self-supporting P–Fe3O4@3DG bulk composite	1.0 M KOH	123 (vs. REH) at 10 mA cm−2	65	50 h	Li et al. [126]
Ni2P nanoparticles/N,B-graphene	1.0 M KOH	92 mV (vs. RHE) at 10 mA cm−2	48.3	20 h, 3000 CV	Sun et al. [130]
Dispersed tungsten (W)-optimized MoP nanoparticles on N,P-doped graphene oxide	1.0 M KOH	70 mV (vs. RHE) at 10 mA cm−2	60.3	16 h	Chen et al. [129]
Ni-Ni3P@NPC/rGO	0.5 M H2SO4	113 mV (vs. RHE) at 20 mA cm−2	57.93 mV dec−1	25 h	Li et al. [140]
Cobalt phosphide decorated/N,B-3D-graphene	0.5 M H2SO4	118 mV (vs. RHE) at 10 mA cm−2	50	50 h, 1000 CV	Karaman et al. [143]