Table 2.
Changes in clinical parameters from baseline (T0) to week 13 (T1).
| Control (n = 14) | Diet (n = 15) | Exercise (n = 16) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | T0 | T1 | p Value | T0 | T1 | p Value | T0 | T1 | p Value |
| Weight (kg) | 102.8 ± 33.3 | 102.8 ± 31.6 | 0.9899 | 97.0 ± 22.3 | 90.0 ± 19.9 | <0.0001 | 95.6 ± 20.0 | 93.6 ± 19.8 | 0.0005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 35.9 ± 7.1 | 36.4± 7.7 | 0.1422 | 33.9 ± 5.3 | 32.0 ± 5.3 | 0.0002 | 36.1 ± 7.0 | 35.0 ± 6.7 | <0.0001 |
| WC a (cm) | 105.4 ± 14.0 | 105.2 ± 14.1 | 0.8911 | 119.9 ± 16.0 | 108.3 ± 14.9 | <0.0001 | 111.2 ± 15.3 | 107.2 ±15.7 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 46.0 (18.8) | 43.0 (22.8) | 0.9629 | 40.0 (8.0) | 37.0 (6.0) | 0.0027 | 46.5 (23.8) | 45.0 (23) | 0.0298 |
| CAP (dB/m) | 325.6 ± 64.7 | 341.0 ± 56.8 | 0.2149 | 330.4 ± 47.4 | 289.2 ± 43.2 | 0.0036 | 334.4 ± 43.4 | 288.3 ± 73.9 | 0.0033 |
| Liver Stiffness (kPa) | 17.1 (9.7) | 13.7 (12.1) | 0.2166 | 12.0 (4.5) | 9.5 (4.8) | 0.0154 | 12.3 (7.1) | 8.9 (5.4) | 0.0038 |
| FAST score | 0.68 ± 0.22 | 0.57 ± 0.23 | 0.0399 | 0.54 ± 0.23 | 0.38 ± 0.25 | 0.0042 | 0.51 ± 0.21 | 0.43 ± 0.18 | 0.0838 |
| FIB-4 score | 1.57 (0.72) | 1.30 (0.61) | 0.0284 | 1.34 (0.89) | 1.44 (0.70) | 0.2314 | 1.32 (0.67) | 1.27 (0.81) | 0.137 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 66.0 (37.3) | 47.0 (46.8) | 0.0342 | 45.0 (70.0) | 32.0 (32.0) | 0.0054 | 46.5 (25.5) | 40.5 (20.5) | 0.0856 |
| AST (IU/L) | 56.0 (29.8) | 34.5 (21.3) | 0.0289 | 33.0 (47.0) | 30.0 (28.0) | 0.0777 | 33.0 (14.0) | 33.0 (11.0) | 0.1682 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 113.0 (147.8) | 84.0 (103.5) | 0.5114 | 61.0 (61.0) | 38.0 (45.0) | <0.0001 | 57.5 (91.5) | 44.0 (69.8) | 0.0287 |
Data were tested for normality using Shapiro–Wilk test and presented as either mean ± standard deviation or as median (interquartile range), with differences assessed by paired t test or Wilcoxon matched pair signed-rank test as appropriate. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; FAST score, Fibroscan-AST score, FIB-4, Fibrosis-4 index, WC, waist circumference. a WC control group n = 8 only.