Table 4.
Regression models examining anthropometric and metabolic parameters of participants by changes in breakfast consumption a.
| Variable | Β | 95% CI | p-Value b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric c parameters c (n = 1417) | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.01 | (−0.09, 0.11) | 0.88 |
| Total body fat (%) | −0.02 | (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.67 |
| BMI percentile | −0.09 | (−0.33, 0.15) | 0.34 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.08 | (−0.33, 0.18) | 0.56 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.01 | (−0.22, 0.24) | 0.91 |
| Metabolic parameters d (n = 358) | |||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) e | −0.42 | (−0.93, 0.08) | 0.10 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) f | −0.44 | (−1.04, 0.16) | 0.003 |
| HOMA-IR g | −0.11 | (−0.29, 0.06) | 0.002 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) h | −0.02 | (−0.96, 0.91) | 0.72 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | −0.23 | (−0.58, 0.11) | 0.22 |
| Non-HDL (mg/dL) | 0.14 | (−0.64, 0.92) | 0.93 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 0.21 | (−0.55, 0.97) | 0.99 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) i | −0.35 | (−2.35, 1.66) | 0.93 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.01 | (−0.02, −0.001) | 0.03 |
a All values represent mean ± SD. b Significance set at p < 0.05. c Regression models for anthropometric outcomes adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, free/reduced-price school meal participation, school site, breakfast location, physical activity, baseline measure, and BMI z-score (for blood pressure models only). d Regression models for metabolic parameters adjusted for age, sex, race and ethnicity, free/reduced-price school meal participation status, school site, breakfast location, physical activity, baseline measure, and BMI z-score. e To convert mg/dL glucose to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0555. f To convert µIU/mL insulin to pmol/L, multiple µIU/mL by 6.945. g HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. h To convert mg/dL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0259. i To convert mg/dL triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by mg/dL by 0.0113.