. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 9.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Dec 27;226(5):607–632. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.035

TABLE 1.

Outcomes linked to maternal weight and/or nutrition intake before or during pregnancy^{21,22,24–31}

Maternal	Child
Fertility	Fetal malformations and loss
Oocyte and embryo quality	Preterm delivery
Antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum complications	Small for gestational age
Cesarean or operative delivery	Stillbirth
Lactation performance	Infant mortality
Depression	Rapid infant growth
Immediate and long-term obesity	Asthma and allergies
Development of noncommunicable diseases throughout the duration of life	Childhood obesity, adolescent, and adult obesity
	Early age of menarche
	Neurocognitive, mental, and behavioral health
	Altered DNA methylation
	Development of noncommunicable diseases throughout the duration of life