Table 3.

Characterization and degradation rate of biopolymers [47,101,102].

Biopolymer	Source	Properties	Composting Time, Days	Degradation Time, Months
Polylactide (PLA)	Sugar beet, corn starch, sugar cane	Hydrophobic, compatibility with polyesters, low moisture absorption rate, resistance to UV radiation, low thermal stability (60 °C), compostable improves the stiffness of textiles, low crystallization pace, eco-friendly.	45–60	20
Polyhidroxyalkanoates (PHA)	Stored in bacterial cells as reserve material	Good mechanical properties, suitable as biomass material, easy to process, tough and durable, UV-resistant, water-resistant, eco-friendly.	-	12
Poly (ε-caprolactan) (PCL)	Petrol	Low UV resistance, low melting temperature (60 °C) high elasticity, eco-friendly.	6–28	-
Thermoplastic starch blends	Potato, corn, wheat, rice, mixing with bio-based polymers (PLA, PCL)	Hydrophobic character, low permeability to water, better mechanical properties, properties dependent on composition, low cost, global accessibility eco-friendly.	45–56	-
Poly(hydroxylbutyrate) (PHB)	Produced and stored by bacteria	Stiff and brittle, high crystallinity, difficult to process, weak impact resistance, can degrade via hydrolysis at high temperatures, low chemical resistance, suitable for modification.	21–28	6–10
Poly(butylenesuccinate) (PBS)	Polycondensation reaction of 1, 4-butanediol with succinic acid	Flexible, excellent impact strength, chemical and thermal resistance, composite material, comparable mechanical properties to PE and PP, processing capacity, eco-friendly.	-	-
Cellulose acetate (CA)	Acetylation from wood pulp by acetic acid or its anhydride to cellulose	Medium mechanical properties, ductile, scratch and scrub resistant, antistatic, good insulation, oil-resistant, high processing efficiency.	-	-
Viscose (CV)	Wood pulp	Regeneration of cellulose fibres from solutions of derivatives (e.g., viscose, modal fibres) or by regeneration of cellulose fibres from solutions of cellulose (e.g., cuprammonium).	60	-