Table 2.
Changes in 6 months of anthropometric, metabolic, and liver parameters after 6 months of intervention.
| CD (n = 43) | MD–HMF (n = 43) |
MD–PA (n = 42) |
p ‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | Basal | 33.6 ± 3.7 | 33.9 ± 3.9 | 33.4 ± 3.1 | 0.145 |
| 6 months | 31.4 ± 3.9 | 31.4 ± 3.8 | 31.8 ± 3.4 | ||
| Δ | −2.1 ± 1.9 * | −2.5 ± 2.2 * | −1.6 ± 1.7 * | ||
| Body weight (kg) | Basal | 92.8 ± 14.4 | 96.2 ± 13.8 | 96.8 ± 12.3 | 0.128 |
| 6 months | 86.7 ± 13.6 | 89.1 ± 13.5 | 92.2 ± 13.1 | ||
| Δ | −6.0 ± 5.4 * | −7.1 ± 6.3 * | −4.6 ± 4.9 * | ||
| Body fat (%) | Basal | 35.7 ± 6.3 | 35.3 ± 7.2 | 35.4 ± 7.3 | 0.308 |
| 6 months | 34.4 ± 9.1 | 34.9 ± 15.9 | 33.6 ± 8.0 | ||
| Δ | −1.3 ± 7.0 | −0.4 ± 14.8 | −1.8 ± 2.8 * | ||
| Mass muscle (kg) | Basal | 56.7 ± 12.2 | 58.4 ± 8.4 | 59.7 ± 10.2 | 0.136 |
| 6 months | 54.8 ± 11.4 | 56.0 ± 8.5 | 58.3 ± 10.1 | ||
| Δ | −1.8 ± 2.4 * | −2.4 ± 2.3 * | −1.4 ± 2.1 * | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | Basal | 110.7 ± 9.4 | 112.1 ± 9.1 | 112.7 ± 8.5 | 0.046 |
| 6 months | 106.7 ± 18.3 | 104.8 ± 10.7 | 108.6 ± 10.0 | ||
| Δ | −4.0 ± 16.3 | −7.3 ± 5.8 *b | −4.0 ± 6.3 *b | ||
| Physical activity (MET) | Basal | 2866.8 ± 2292.1 | 3483.0 ± 2741.1 | 3529.2 ± 4108.6 | 0.616 |
| 6 months | 3647.6 ± 2577.6 | 3646.6 ± 2348.8 | 3833.5 ± 3675.1 | ||
| Δ | 780.8 ± 2626.6 | 163.6 ± 3082.7 | 304.3 ± 2767.6 | ||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | Basal | 109.1 ± 22.6 | 134.5 ± 14.2 | 121.6 ± 59.7 | 0.793 |
| 6 months | 104.6 ± 34.7 | 129.0 ± 13.4 | 109.4 ± 44.4 | ||
| Δ | −4.4 ± 23.6 | −5.5 ± 13.8 * | −12.2 ± 44.8 | ||
| Hb1Ac (%) | Basal | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 1.0 | 6.2 ± 1.6 | 0.820 |
| 6 months | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | ||
| Δ | −0.2 ± 0.7 * | −0.2 ± 0.5 * | −0.4 ± 1.2 * | ||
| HR (beats/min) | Basal | 71.7 ± 10.1 | 69.4 ± 12.2 | 73.5 ± 12.5 | 0.786 |
| 6 months | 66.3 ± 11.2 | 66.4 ± 8.9 | 67.9 ± 10.6 | ||
| Δ | −5.4 ± 9.5 * | −3.0 ± 9.3 | −5.6 ± 9.5 * | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | Basal | 138.6 ± 15.8 | 134.5 ± 14.2 | 134.4 ± 16.1 | 0.880 |
| 6 months | 131.2 ± 17.6 | 129.0 ± 13.4 | 131.1 ± 15.8 | ||
| Δ | −7.4 ± 15.3 * | −5.5 ± 13.8 * | −3.3 ± 17.0 | ||
| DBP (mmHg) | Basal | 85.5 ± 10.4 | 85.7 ± 8.0 | 85.3 ± 9.0 | 0.980 |
| 6 months | 81.3 ± 9.1 | 81.7 ± 7.5 | 81.8 ± 9.8 | ||
| Δ | −4.1 ± 8.6 * | −4.0 ± 8.9 * | −3.5 ± 8.9 * | ||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Basal | 188.2 ± 96.6 | 201.4 ± 313.1 | 200.2 ± 122.6 | 0.096 |
| 6 months | 159.2 ± 110.7 | 128.2 ± 72.1 | 165.2 ± 108.0 | ||
| Δ | −29.1 ± 103.3 | −73.2 ± 290.0 | −35.0 ± 128.0 | ||
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) | Basal | 203.0 ± 43.2 | 199.6 ± 56.0 | 191.8 ± 39.2 | 0.661 |
| 6 months | 193.8 ± 45.8 | 184.4 ± 38.8 | 191.7 ± 42.7 | ||
| Δ | −9.2 ± 28.9 * | −15.1 ± 52.7 | −0.1 ± 44.6 | ||
| HDL-chol (mg/dL) | Basal | 45.5 ± 14.5 | 45.6 ± 9.2 | 41.8 ± 9.1 | 0.664 |
| 6 months | 47.8 ± 14.6 | 48.9 ± 10.8 | 43.8 ± 9.5 | ||
| Δ | 2.3 ± 6.3 * | 3.3 ± 8.4 * | 2.0 ± 5.0 * | ||
| Intrahepatic fat contents (%) | Basal | 16.2 ± 9.3 | 16.9 ± 13.4 | 16.5 ± 11.4 | 0.100 |
| 6 months | 10.4 ± 7.5 | 8.3 ± 8.0 | 10.7 ± 6.4 | ||
| Δ | −5.8 ± 7.8 * | −8.7 ± 12.4 * | −5.9 ± 10.6 * | ||
| Liver stiffness K-pa | Basal | 8.4 ± 1.8 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 8.2 ± 2.6 | 0.589 |
| 6 months | 4.8 ± 2.0 | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | ||
| Δ | −3.6 ± 2.5 * | −3.4 ± 1.8 * | −2.4 ± 3.1 * | ||
| AST (mg/dL) | Basal | 27.4 ±10.1 | 26.4 ± 16.6 | 23.3 ± 10.0 | 0.609 |
| 6 months | 22.9 ± 6.8 | 23.2 ± 6.7 | 23.0 ± 15.3 | ||
| Δ | −4.6 ± 8.6 * | −3.2 ± 15.3 | −0.3 ± 8.1 | ||
| ALT (mg/dL) | Basal | 37.5 ± 20.3 | 38.2 ± 38.7 | 33.6 ± 27.1 | 0.464 |
| 6 months | 26.5 ± 10.4 | 25.7 ± 12.8 | 26.9 ± 24.6 | ||
| Δ | −11.0 ± 16.3 * | −12.5 ± 32.8 * | −6.7 ± 17.3 * | ||
| GGT (mg/dL) | Basal | 47.4 ± 30.3 | 58.3 ± 81.0 | 37.3 ± 17.4 | 0.591 |
| 6 months | 33.7 ± 22.9 | 47.7 ± 77.8 | 31.7 ± 19.6 | ||
| Δ | −13.7 ± 22.1 * | −10.6 ± 67.2 | −5.6 ± 11.3 * |
Abbreviations: ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CD: Conventional Diet; ∆: change between basal and 6-month data; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c: High density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HR: heart rate; kPa: kilopascals; MD–HMF: Mediterranean diet–high meal frequency; MD–PA: Mediterranean Diet–physical activity (control group); MedDiet: Mediterranean diet; METs: metabolic equivalents; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; Total-c: total cholesterol. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). ∆: delta * p < 0.05. ‡ Differences between the three intervention groups at 6 months after adjustment for baseline values and age by ANCOVA. Post hoc test by Bonferroni: “b: differences between MD–PA and MD–HMF”.