Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to DII score tertiles.
| Characteristics | All n = 970 | DII | p y | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 n = 323 |
Tertile 2 n = 324 |
Tertile 3 n = 323 |
|||
| DII * | |||||
| Range | −5.71 to −0.33 | −5.71 to −3.48 | −3.47 to −2.34 | −2.33 to −0.33 | <0.001 |
| Mean ± SD | −2.94 ± 1.12 | −4.23 ± 0.51 | −2.89 ± 0.34 | −1.7 ± 0.45 | <0.001 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Age at enrollment (years) | 37.1 ± 4.70 | 37.4 ± 4.54 | 37.2 ± 4.70 | 36 ± 4.82 | 0.083 |
| ≤24 years | 16 (1.6) | 4 (1.2) | 4 (1.2) | 8 (2.5) | |
| 25–29 years | 61 (6.3) | 18 (5.6) | 19 (5.9) | 24 (7.4) | |
| ≥30 years | 893 (92.1) | 301 (93.2) | 301 (92.9) | 291 (90.1) | |
| Race and ethnicity a | 0.055 | ||||
| Asian | 15 (1.5) | 6 (1.9) | 6 (1.9) | 3 (0.9) | |
| Black | 15 (1.5) | 5 (1.5) | 5 (1.5) | 5 (1.5) | |
| Latin American | 128 (13.2) | 59 (18.3) | 35 (10.8) | 34 (10.5) | |
| White | 794 (81.9) | 245 (75.9) | 271 (83.6) | 278 (86.1) | |
| Maghreb | 18 (1.9) | 8 (2.5) | 7 (2.2) | 3 (0.9) | |
| Socioeconomic status b | 0.921 | ||||
| High | 618 (63.7) | 206 (63.8) | 209 (64.5) | 203 (62.8) | |
| Medium | 309 (31.9) | 105 (32.5) | 99 (30.6) | 105 (32.5) | |
| Low | 43 (4.4) | 12 (3.7) | 16 (4.9) | 15 (4.6) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.88 ± 4.80 | 23.4 ± 4.98 | 23.7 ± 4.28 | 24.5 ± 5.05 | 0.011 |
| <18.5 (n (%)) | 61(6.3) | 28 (8.7) | 14 (4.3) | 19 (5.9) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 593 (61.1) | 201 (62.2) | 207 (63.9) | 185 (57.3) | |
| ≥25 | 316 (32.6) | 94 (29.1) | 103 (31.8) | 119 (36.8) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 105.36 ± 12.02 | 105.79 ± 13.37 | 105.48 ± 11.67 | 104.79 ± 10.85 | 0.564 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67.73 ± 8.58 | 67.3 ± 8.97 | 68.18 ± 8.37 | 67.71 ± 8.37 | 0.424 |
| Education level (schooling years) | 0.500 | ||||
| University (yes (%)) | 653 (67.3) | 220 (68.1) | 220 (67.9) | 213 (65.9) | |
| Vocational (yes (%)) | 76 (7.8) | 23 (7.1) | 29 (9) | 24 (7.4) | |
| Secondary (yes (%)) | 198 (20.4) | 68 (21.1) | 59 (18.2) | 71 (22) | |
| Primary (yes (%)) | 34 (3.5) | 7 (2.2) | 13 (4) | 14 (4.3) | |
| No education (yes (%)) | 9 (0.9) | 5 (1.5) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Use of assisted reproductive technologies (yes (%)) | 262 (27.0) | 82 (25.4) | 89 (27.5) | 91 (28.2) | 0.709 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Autoimmune disease (yes (%)) | 159 (16.4) | 43 (13.3) | 59 (18.2) | 57 (17.6) | 0.184 |
| Obesity c (yes (%)) | 109 (11.2) | 29 (9) | 31 (9.6) | 49 (15.2) | 0.106 |
| Thyroid disorder (yes (%)) | 110 (11.3) | 34 (10.5) | 38 (11.7) | 38 (11.8) | 0.852 |
| Diabetes (yes (%)) | 48 (4.9) | 18 (5.6) | 14 (4.3) | 16 (5) | 0.764 |
| Minor psychiatric disorder d (yes (%)) | 38 (3.9) | 10 (3.1) | 16 (4.9) | 12 (3.7) | 0.470 |
| Chronic hypertension (yes (%)) | 41 (4.2) | 15 (4.6) | 14 (4.3) | 12 (3.7) | 0.837 |
| Chronic kidney disease (yes (%)) | 23 (2.4) | 6 (1.9) | 10 (3.1) | 7 (2.2) | 0.565 |
| Adverse obstetric history | |||||
| Previous SGA (yes (%)) | 157 (16.2) | 44 (13.6) | 55 (17) | 58 (18) | 0.292 |
| Previous preterm birth (yes (%)) | 54 (5.6) | 21 (6.5) | 15 (4.6) | 18 (5.6) | 0.583 |
| Previous preeclampsia (yes (%)) | 49 (5.1) | 17 (5.3) | 21 (6.5) | 11 (3.4) | 0.198 |
| Previous stillbirth (yes (%)) | 26 (2.7) | 6 (1.9) | 11 (3.4) | 9 (2.8) | 0.476 |
| Nulliparous (yes (%)) | 400 (41.2) | 128 (39.6) | 146 (45.1) | 126 (39) | 0.227 |
| During pregnancy | |||||
| Smoking habit (yes (%)) | 64 (6.6) | 16 (5) | 23 (7.1) | 25 (7.7) | 0.648 |
| Alcohol consumption (yes (%)) | 14 (1.4) | 6 (1.9) | 3 (0.9) | 5 (1.5) | 0.066 |
| Drug consumption (yes (%)) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 0.296 |
| Physical exercise (yes (%)) | 219 (22.6) | 98 (30.3) | 72 (22.2) | 49 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Yoga or pilates (yes (%)) | 189 (19.5) | 91 (28.2) | 64 (19.8) | 34 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age at randomization, mean (SD), weeks | 20.85 ± 0.68 | 20.85 ± 0.69 | 20.85 ± 0.68 | 20.85 ± 0.67 | 0.999 |
| Perinatal outcome | |||||
| GDM (yes (%)) | 93 (9.6) | 23 (7) | 42 (12.6) | 28 (9) | 0.282 |
| Preeclampsia (yes (%)) | 72 (7.4) | 33 (10.1) | 19 (5.7) | 20 (6.5) | 0.587 |
| Birthweight, mean (SD), g | 3195.74 ± 523.4 | 3246.79 ± 501.73 | 3185.14 ± 500.5 | 3155.28 ± 562.91 | 0.077 |
| Cesarean section (yes (%)) | 327 (33.7) | 104 (31.8) | 121 (36.3) | 102 (32.9) | 0.126 |
| Gestational age at delivery, mean (SD), weeks | 39.42 ± 1.76 | 39.54 ± 1.51 | 39.4 ± 1.8 | 39.31 ± 1.94 | 0.246 |
| Birthweight percentile, mean (SD) | 42.66 ± 29.96 | 44.22 ± 30.56 | 42.33 ± 28.79 | 41.43 ± 30.5 | 0.481 |
| SGA (yes (%)) | 161 (16.6) | 65 (19.9) | 46 (13.8) | 50 (16.1) | 0.400 |
| Severe SGA (yes (%)) | 60 (6.2) | 31 (9.5) | 15 (4.5) | 14 (4.5) | 0.228 |
| Prematurity (yes (%)) | 60 (6.2) | 20 (6.1) | 19 (5.7) | 21 (6.8) | 0.695 |
| Combined adverse perinatal outcome (yes (%)) | 209 (21.5) | 85 (26) | 61 (18.3) | 63 (20.3) | 0.485 |
DII: Dietary Inflammatory Index. SD, standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; SGA: small for gestational age. * Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD, categorical variables are shown as n (%). y p values are from ANOVA analysis of variance for continuous data and from χ2 tests for categorical data. a Race and ethnicity were self-reported by the participants. b Socioeconomic status was defined as low if participants reported having never worked or being unemployed for more than 2 years and having a partner with unqualified work or who was unemployed, high if they reported university studies regardless of whether they were working, and medium in any other situations. c Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) greater than 30. d Defined as disorders without treatment during pregnancy, either because they were minor disorders or because they were not active during pregnancy.