Table 5.

Molecular formula, molecular weight, structures, and health effects of various bioactive compounds of pumpkin.

Compound	Molecular Formula	Molecular Weight	Structure	Health Effects	Reference
Zeaxanthin	C40H56O2	568.9		Promotes Eye Health	[34]
Lutein	C40H56O2	568.9 g		Promotes Eye Health	[34]
β-carotene	C40H56	536.9		An important vitamin source for humans	[35]
Gallic acid	C7H6O5	170.12		Performs excellent activities for gastrointestinal, neuropsychological, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders	[36]
Protocatechuic acid	C7H6O4	154.12		Strong antioxidant, best known for cardiovascular-protective effects	[37]
4-Hydroxy-benzoic acid	C7H6O3	138.12		Antisickling, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties	[38]
Vanillic acid	C8H8O4	168.15		Antioxidant; potentially reduces oxidative stress	[39]
Chlorogenic acid	C16H18O9	354.31		Used as a treatment for metabolic syndrome, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive activities	[40]
Caffeic acid	C9H8O4	180.16		Possesses strong anti-inflammatory to anticancer effects	[41]
p-coumaric acid	C9H8O3	164.16		Strong protective effects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity	[42]
Ferulic acid	C10H10O4	194.18		Strong antioxidant, prooxidant, and has strong antibacterial activities	[43]
Sinapic acid	C11H12O5	224.21		Neuroprotective and might be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease	[44]
Rutin	C27H30O16	610.5		Neuroprotective agent	[45]
Kaempferol	C15H10O6	286.24		Strong anticancer potential	[46]
Isoquercetin	C21H20O12	464.4		Suppresses colon cancer cell growth	[47]
Astragalin	C21H20O11	448.4		Reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury	[48]
Myricetin	C15H10O8	318.23		Protects cardiomyocytes from LPS-induced injury	[49]
Quercetin	C15H10O7	302.23		Strong antidiabetic potential	[50]
α-tocopherol	C29H50O2	430.7		Potential antioxidant	[51]
γ-tocopherol	C28H48O2	416.7		Y-tocopherol concentrations are inversely associated with antioxidant exposures	[52]