Figure 1.

The experimental design for the investigation of the effect of the plant-derived smoke solution on wheat under flooding stress. To investigate the potential effects of the plant-derived smoke solution on wheat, seeds were sown and treated with or without 2000 ppm of the plant-derived smoke solution. After 3 days of sowing, wheat was flooded for 3 days. Wheat seedlings were analyzed with morphological and proteomic methods, and confirmation. For confirmation experiments, immunoblot and amino-acid analyses were used. All experiments were performed with three independent biological replicates.