Figure 2.

The morphological effects of the plant-derived smoke solution on wheat under flooding stress. Wheat seeds were sown and treated with or without 2000 ppm of the plant-derived smoke solution. Three-day-old wheats were treated with or without flooding for three days. As morphological parameters, leaf length, leaf-fresh weight, main-root length, and total-root fresh weight were analyzed 6 days after sowing. The bar in the left panel indicates 1 cm in the picture. The data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates. Asterisks indicate significant changes between wheats treated with the plant-derived smoke solution under flooding and with only flooding according to the Student’s t-test (**: p < 0.01).