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Mechanism of STE to attenuate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through microbiota and their metabolites. ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; GPR109A, G-protein-coupled receptor 109A; GPR43, G-protein-coupled receptor 43; IL-10, interleukin-10; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3; NF-κB p65, nuclear factor-κB p65; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; UC, ulcerative colitis; STE, sweet tea extract.
