Table 1.
Foremost micronutrients with a recognized contribution to the normal function of the immune system by EFSA; dietary reference values (DRV) for the adult population; Spanish median intake with the current approach and comparison with the intake reported from other studies.
| DRV for Adult Population |
Intake Median (% DRV) |
Published Intake Median (% DRV) |
Accomplishment (%) [13] |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D (µg/day) | AI: 15 | 2.46 (16.2%) | 2.60 (17.3%) [14] | 14.1 |
| Vitamin A (µg/day) | PRI: 650 (w)/750 (m) | 277 (39.9%) | 477 (68.1%) [15] | 77.2 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | PRI: 95 (w)/110 (m) | 95.0 (91.9%) | 71.3 (69.6%) [15] | 110 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | AI: 1.6 (w)/1.7 (m) | 1.40 (83.2%) | 1.44 (87.3%) [16] | 112 |
| Vitamin B9 (µg/day) | PRI: 330 | 238 (71.1%) | 160 (48.4%) [17] | 74.9 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | PRI: 4 | 5.23 (132%) | 4.20 (105%) [17] | 128 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | PRI *: 10.1 (w)/10.9 (m) | 4.42 (38.6%) | 7.70 (67.0%) [14] | 81.2 |
| Iron (mg/day) | PRI: 11 | 7.96 (72.8%) | 10.5 (95.7%) [16] | 111 |
| Copper (mg/day) | PRI: 1.3 (w)/1.6 (m) | 0.62 (43.5%) | 1.00 (69.0%) [18] | 115 |
| Selenium (µg/day) | AI: 70 | 92.3 (131%) | 72.0 (103%) [15] | 108 |
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRV) were collected from DRV Finder Tool [19] supported by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Zinc PRI * is expressed as the global average of all the values co-dependent on the level of phytate intake (300, 600, 900 and 1200 mg/day). The intake and the published intake are expressed as median and the percentage of this median vs. DRV. Accomplishment is the percentage of the observed intake referred to the established requirements (as 100% of PRI value) collected from [13]. In bold are highlighted those micronutrients with suboptimal intake values in the Spanish population according to both, calculated and consulted data. Abbreviations: AI (Average Intake); PRI (Population Reference Intake); (w) and (m) mean recommendations for women and males, respectively.