Table 2.
Study Name | Population Characteristics | Duration | Dietary Assessment or Intervention | Outcomes | Authors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain Atrophy | CBVD | Connectivity | Functional Brain Networks | |||||
Cross-Sectional Studies | ||||||||
The Rotterdam Study | n = 4213 (56.8% female), 45–98 years old (mean age 65.7 years old) | FFQ (adherence to Dutch dietary guidelines) | ↑ TBV, GMV, WMV, hippocampal volume | N.S. WMLs, lacunes, microbleeds | Croll et al., 2018 [41] | |||
Framingham Heart Study Offspring | n = 2086 (53.7% female), (mean age 60.6 years old) | FFQ (flavonoid intake) | N.S. TBV, hippocampal volume | ↓ WMH | Shishtar et al., 2020 [42] | |||
Cognition and Diabetes in Older Tasmanians | n = 689 (57% male) n = 343 T2D, 55–90 years old (mean age 69.9 years old) | FFQ (PCA) | Zabetian–Targhi et al., 2019 [43] | |||||
Prudent DP | N.S. GMV, WMV, hippocampal volumes | N.S. microbleeds | ||||||
Traditional DP | N.S. GMV, WMV, hippocampal volumes | N.S. microbleeds | ||||||
Western DP | N.S. GMV, WMV, hippocampal volumes | N.S. microbleeds | ||||||
Whitehall II | n = 459 (19.2% female), mean age 59.6 years old | FFQ (AHEI-2010 score) |
↑ hippocampal volumes | Akbaraly et al., 2018 [44] | ||||
Swedish National study on Aging and Care-Kungsholmen (SNAC-K) | n = 417 (59% female), ≥60 years old | FFQ (PCA) | Prinelli et al., 2019 [45] | |||||
DP1: Fiber andAntioxidants | ↑ TBV | ↓ WMH | ||||||
DP2: LC ω-3 PUFAs andproteins | ↑ TBV | N.S. WMH | ||||||
DP3: MUFAs and ω-3,6 PUFAs | ↑ TBV | N.S. WMH | ||||||
DP4: SFAs andTrans fat | N.S. TBV | ↑ WMH | ||||||
DP5: B- vitamins, retinol, proteins | ↓ TBV | N.S. WMH | ||||||
WHICAP | n = 330 (64% female), mean age 79 years | FFQ | Gu et al., 2018 [46] | |||||
INP | ↓ TBV, GMV, WMV | |||||||
n = 239 (70% female), ≥65 years old (mean age 84.1 years old) | FFQ (PCA) | Gu et al., 2016 [47] | ||||||
DP characterized by ω-3, ω-6, vit. E | ↑ FA | |||||||
n = 116 (63% female), 65–75 years old (mean age 69 years old) | nutrient biomarker pattern (PCA) | Zwilling et al., 2019 [48] | ||||||
ω-6 PUFAs | enhanced functional brain networks efficiency | |||||||
ω-3 PUFAs | enhanced functional brain networks efficiency | |||||||
lycopene | enhanced functional brain networks efficiency | |||||||
NYU | n = 52 (71% female), mean age 54 years old | FFQ (PCA) | Berti et al., 2015 [49] | |||||
DP1: vitamin B andminerals | N.S. GMV | |||||||
DP2: vitamin E andminerals | ↑ GMV | |||||||
DP3: antioxidants andfibers | N.S. GMV | |||||||
DP4: vitamins D andB12 | ↑ GMV | |||||||
DP5: Fats | ↓ GMV | |||||||
Observational longitudinal studies | ||||||||
NILS-LSA | n = 1683 (50.6% male), 40–89 years old | 2 years | 3-day weighed dietary records, dietary diversity through QUANTIDD | ↓ hippocampal volume N.S. GMV | Otsuka et al., 2021 [50] | |||
PATH | n = 255 (46% female), 60–64 years old (mean age 62.6 years old) | 4 years | FFQ (PCA) | Jacka et al., 2015 [51] | ||||
Prudent DP | ↑ left hippocampal volume | |||||||
Western DP | ↓ hippocampal volume | |||||||
Randomized clinical trials | ||||||||
FINGER (multi-domain intervention) | n = 112 (59 intervention), 60–77 years old (mean age 70 years old) | 2 years | Intervention: diet (based on the Finnish Nutrition Recommendations), exercise, cognitive training, vascular risk monitoring Control: general health advice |
N.S. CT, total hippocampal volume total intracranial volume, GMV | N.S. WMLs | Stephen et al., 2019 [52] | ||
n = 37 obese female, 40–60 years old (mean age 49 years old) | 3 months | Intervention: calorie-restricted modified MIND diet, Control: calorie-restricted standard control diet | ↑ IFG, N.S. cerebellum white matter or cerebellum cortex | Arjmand et al., 2022 [53] | ||||
n = 30 with type 2 diabetes, 30–75 years old (female were postmenopausal) |
3 months | Paleolithic diet (n = 12) with and without high intensity exercise (n = 12), control (n = 6) | ↑ volume of the right posterior hippocampus | Stomby et al., 2017 [54] |
AHEI: alternate healthy eating index, CBVD: cerebrovascular disease, CT: cortical thickness, DG: dentate gyrus, DP: dietary pattern, FA: fractional anisotropy, FFQ: food frequency questionnaire, fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging, GMV: gray matter volume, IFG: inferior frontal gyrus, INP: inflammation-related nutrient pattern, LC: long chain, MIND: Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids, NBPs: nutrient biomarker patterns, N.S.: not significant, PCA: principal component analysis, PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids, QUANTIDD: quantitative index for dietary diversity, rs-fMRI: resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, SFAs: saturated fatty acids, TBV: total brain volume, WM: white matter, WMH: white matter hyperintensities, WMLs: white matter lesions, WMV: white matter volume.