. 2022 Jun 3;14(11):2345. doi: 10.3390/nu14112345

Table 2.

Studies examining the association between dietary or nutrient patterns other than the Mediterranean diet and brain MRI biomarkers in adults without dementia.

Study Name	Population Characteristics	Duration	Dietary Assessment or Intervention	Outcomes				Authors
Study Name	Population Characteristics	Duration	Dietary Assessment or Intervention	Brain Atrophy	CBVD	Connectivity	Functional Brain Networks	Authors
Cross-Sectional Studies
The Rotterdam Study	n = 4213 (56.8% female), 45–98 years old (mean age 65.7 years old)		FFQ (adherence to Dutch dietary guidelines)	↑ TBV, GMV, WMV, hippocampal volume	N.S. WMLs, lacunes, microbleeds			Croll et al., 2018 [41]
Framingham Heart Study Offspring	n = 2086 (53.7% female), (mean age 60.6 years old)		FFQ (flavonoid intake)	N.S. TBV, hippocampal volume	↓ WMH			Shishtar et al., 2020 [42]
Cognition and Diabetes in Older Tasmanians	n = 689 (57% male) n = 343 T2D, 55–90 years old (mean age 69.9 years old)		FFQ (PCA)					Zabetian–Targhi et al., 2019 [43]
			Prudent DP	N.S. GMV, WMV, hippocampal volumes	N.S. microbleeds
			Traditional DP	N.S. GMV, WMV, hippocampal volumes	N.S. microbleeds
			Western DP	N.S. GMV, WMV, hippocampal volumes	N.S. microbleeds
Whitehall II	n = 459 (19.2% female), mean age 59.6 years old		FFQ (AHEI-2010 score)	↑ hippocampal volumes				Akbaraly et al., 2018 [44]
Swedish National study on Aging and Care-Kungsholmen (SNAC-K)	n = 417 (59% female), ≥60 years old		FFQ (PCA)					Prinelli et al., 2019 [45]
			DP1: Fiber andAntioxidants	↑ TBV	↓ WMH
			DP2: LC ω-3 PUFAs andproteins	↑ TBV	N.S. WMH
			DP3: MUFAs and ω-3,6 PUFAs	↑ TBV	N.S. WMH
			DP4: SFAs andTrans fat	N.S. TBV	↑ WMH
			DP5: B- vitamins, retinol, proteins	↓ TBV	N.S. WMH
WHICAP	n = 330 (64% female), mean age 79 years		FFQ					Gu et al., 2018 [46]
WHICAP	n = 330 (64% female), mean age 79 years		INP	↓ TBV, GMV, WMV				Gu et al., 2018 [46]
	n = 239 (70% female), ≥65 years old (mean age 84.1 years old)		FFQ (PCA)					Gu et al., 2016 [47]
			DP characterized by ω-3, ω-6, vit. E			↑ FA		Gu et al., 2016 [47]
	n = 116 (63% female), 65–75 years old (mean age 69 years old)		nutrient biomarker pattern (PCA)					Zwilling et al., 2019 [48]
			ω-6 PUFAs				enhanced functional brain networks efficiency
			ω-3 PUFAs				enhanced functional brain networks efficiency
			lycopene				enhanced functional brain networks efficiency
NYU	n = 52 (71% female), mean age 54 years old		FFQ (PCA)					Berti et al., 2015 [49]
			DP1: vitamin B andminerals	N.S. GMV
			DP2: vitamin E andminerals	↑ GMV
			DP3: antioxidants andfibers	N.S. GMV
			DP4: vitamins D andB₁₂	↑ GMV
			DP5: Fats	↓ GMV
Observational longitudinal studies
NILS-LSA	n = 1683 (50.6% male), 40–89 years old	2 years	3-day weighed dietary records, dietary diversity through QUANTIDD	↓ hippocampal volume N.S. GMV				Otsuka et al., 2021 [50]
PATH	n = 255 (46% female), 60–64 years old (mean age 62.6 years old)	4 years	FFQ (PCA)					Jacka et al., 2015 [51]
			Prudent DP	↑ left hippocampal volume
			Western DP	↓ hippocampal volume
Randomized clinical trials
FINGER (multi-domain intervention)	n = 112 (59 intervention), 60–77 years old (mean age 70 years old)	2 years	Intervention: diet (based on the Finnish Nutrition Recommendations), exercise, cognitive training, vascular risk monitoring Control: general health advice	N.S. CT, total hippocampal volume total intracranial volume, GMV	N.S. WMLs			Stephen et al., 2019 [52]
	n = 37 obese female, 40–60 years old (mean age 49 years old)	3 months	Intervention: calorie-restricted modified MIND diet, Control: calorie-restricted standard control diet	↑ IFG, N.S. cerebellum white matter or cerebellum cortex				Arjmand et al., 2022 [53]
	n = 30 with type 2 diabetes, 30–75 years old (female were postmenopausal)	3 months	Paleolithic diet (n = 12) with and without high intensity exercise (n = 12), control (n = 6)	↑ volume of the right posterior hippocampus				Stomby et al., 2017 [54]

AHEI: alternate healthy eating index, CBVD: cerebrovascular disease, CT: cortical thickness, DG: dentate gyrus, DP: dietary pattern, FA: fractional anisotropy, FFQ: food frequency questionnaire, fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging, GMV: gray matter volume, IFG: inferior frontal gyrus, INP: inflammation-related nutrient pattern, LC: long chain, MIND: Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids, NBPs: nutrient biomarker patterns, N.S.: not significant, PCA: principal component analysis, PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids, QUANTIDD: quantitative index for dietary diversity, rs-fMRI: resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, SFAs: saturated fatty acids, TBV: total brain volume, WM: white matter, WMH: white matter hyperintensities, WMLs: white matter lesions, WMV: white matter volume.