Figure 1.

Expanded Direct and Indirect Effects model of Writing. The component skills are expected to contribute to writing processes and consequent written composition. *Handwriting and keyboard skills are only relevant to written composition, not reading comprehension. Discourse knowledge includes genre knowledge (e.g., text structures and features associated with different genres), and knowledge about how carry out specific writing tasks. Grammatical knowledge includes morphosyntactic and syntactic knowledge. Interactive relations beyond what is noted graphically here by double-headed arrows are expected as well.