. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 9.

Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2021 Oct 11;114(2):215–238. doi: 10.1037/edu0000564

Table 3.

Loadings for Latent Variables

Latent Variable	Observed Variable	Loading	p value
Writing Quality	WIAT Essay Composition Quality	.69	< .001
Writing Quality	Beaver Quality	.47	< .001
Writing Productivity	WIAT Essay Composition Number of words	.61	< .001
Writing Productivity	Beaver Composition Number of words	.82	< .001
Correctness in Writing	WIAT Essay Composition CIWS	.77	< .001
Correctness in Writing	Beaver Composition CIWS	.79	< .001
Reading Comprehension	WJ Passage Comprehension	.85	< .001
Reading Comprehension	WIAT Reading Comprehension	.68	< .001
Discourse Oral Language	OWLS Listening Comprehension	.52	< .001
	TNL Comprehension	.76	< .001
	Informational text comprehension	.82	< .001
	TNL retell	.62	< .001
	Informational text retell	.73	< .001
Lexical Literacy	WJ Letter Word Identification	.91	< .001
	TOWRE SWE 1	.82	< .001
	TOWRE SWE 2	.81	< .001
	Spell	.83	< .001
Handwriting Fluency	Sentence copying task 1	.77	< .001
	Sentence copying task 2	.83	< .001
	Sentence copying task 3	.86	< .001

Note. WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test; CIWS = Correct minus incorrect word sequences; WJ = Woodcock Johnson; OWLS = Oral and Written Language Scales; TNL = Test of Narrative Language; TOWRE SWE = The Sight Word Efficiency task of Test of Word Reading Efficiency.