Table A13.
COVID-19 lockdowns and air pollution – Air pollution in log form.
| Bandwidth | Air pollution: NO2 |
Air pollution: PM2.5 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal bandwidth | Optimal bandwidth +10 days | Optimal bandwidth −10 days | Optimal bandwidth | Optimal bandwidth +10 days | Optimal bandwidth −10 days | |
| Model 1: Linear model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −0.035∗∗∗ (0.011) |
−0.044∗∗∗ (0.010) |
−0.026∗∗ (0.012) |
−0.054∗∗∗ (0.019) |
−0.042∗∗ (0.018) |
−0.051∗∗∗ (0.019) |
| Model 2: Linear interaction model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −0.034∗∗∗ (0.011) |
−0.043∗∗∗ (0.010) |
−0.023∗∗ (0.012) |
−0.050∗∗∗ (0.019) |
−0.038∗∗ (0.018) |
−0.048∗∗ (0.019) |
| Model 3: Linear interaction model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −0.035∗∗∗ (0.011) |
−0.044∗∗∗ (0.010) |
−0.024∗∗ (0.012) |
−0.051∗∗∗ (0.019) |
−0.039∗∗ (0.018) |
−0.049∗∗ (0.019) |
| Model 4: Quadratic interaction model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 |
−0.033∗∗∗ (0.011) |
−0.043∗∗∗ (0.010) |
−0.023∗∗ (0.012) |
−0.050∗∗∗ (0.019) |
−0.037∗∗ (0.018) |
−0.048∗∗ (0.019) |
| Means before lockdowns | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 | 64.824 | 64.824 | 64.824 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country and time FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 254,477 | 297,076 | 212,387 | 79,200 | 89,117 | 69,238 |
Notes: ∗∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗p < 0.05, ∗p < 0.1. Results of RDD using the optimal bandwidths based on Imbens and Kalyanaraman (2012). The optimal bandwidths are 62 and 88 days for satellite and station-based data, respectively. Clustered standard errors in parentheses are robust to within-day and within-country serial correlation. Model 1 uses running variable in linear form, Model 2 includes interaction of running variable and treatment variable, Model 3 includes quadratic term of running variable, Model 4 includes interactions of running variable (linear and quadratic terms) with treatment variable. Control variables are daily temperature and rainfall (humidity for station-based data).