Table A14.
Heterogeneity analysis.
| Air quality: NO2 | Optimal bandwidth |
Optimal bandwidth +10 days |
Optimal bandwidth −10 days |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
| Panel A: Location | |||
| Lockdown∗Countries near equator | 3.543∗∗∗ (0.308) |
3.785∗∗∗ (0.279) |
3.106∗∗∗ (0.327) |
| Observations | 257,339 | 300,266 | 214,775 |
| Panel B: Democracy | |||
| Reference: Authoritarian | |||
| Lockdown∗Hybrid regime | 1.432∗∗ (0.572) |
1.328∗∗ (0.546) |
1.284∗∗ (0.589) |
| Lockdown∗Partial democracy | 1.197∗∗ (0.557) |
1.513∗∗∗ (0.518) |
0.877 (0.589) |
| Lockdown∗Full democracy | 0.469 (0.855) |
−0.015 (0.851) |
−0.264 (0.916) |
| Observations | 233,029 | 271,501 | 194,642 |
| Panel C: Share of trade | |||
| Lockdown∗Trade | −0.034∗∗∗ (0.012) |
−0.033∗∗∗ (0.010) |
−0.039∗∗∗ (0.014) |
| Observations | 199,787 | 232,666 | 167,163 |
| Panel D: Share of manufacturing | |||
| Lockdown∗Manufacturing | −0.439∗∗∗ (0.052) |
−0.454∗∗∗ (0.050) |
−0.482∗∗∗ (0.056) |
| Observations | 172,872 | 201,016 | 144,775 |
| Panel E: Air pollution index | |||
| Reference: 1st quintile | |||
| Lockdown∗2nd quintile | 1.005∗∗ (0.511) |
0.978∗ (0.510) |
0.772 (0.567) |
| Lockdown∗3rd quintile | 1.602∗∗∗ (0.476) |
1.826∗∗∗ (0.466) |
1.575∗∗∗ (0.538) |
| Lockdown∗4th quintile | −0.716 (0.619) |
−1.134∗ (0.606) |
−0.811 (0.666) |
| Lockdown∗5th quintile |
−0.577 (0.663) |
−0.643 (0.636) |
−0.755 (0.726) |
| Observations | 254,146 | 296,573 | 212,140 |
| Means before lockdowns | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country and time FE | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Notes: ∗∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗p < 0.05, ∗p < 0.1. Results of RDD using the optimal bandwidths based on Imbens and Kalyanaraman (2012). The optimal bandwidths are 62 and 88 days for satellite and station-based data, respectively. Clustered standard errors in parentheses are robust to within-day and within-country serial correlation. Control variables are daily temperature and rainfall (humidity for station-based data).