Table A4.
COVID-19 lockdowns and air pollution – “Donut” RDD.
| Bandwidth | Air pollution: NO2 |
Air pollution: PM2.5 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal bandwidth | Optimal bandwidth +10 days | Optimal bandwidth −10 days | Optimal bandwidth | Optimal bandwidth +10 days | Optimal bandwidth −10 days | |
| Panel A: Excluding observations 5 days near the lockdown date | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −1.641∗∗∗ (0.393) |
−1.955∗∗∗ (0.367) |
−1.215∗∗∗ (0.434) |
−3.781∗∗∗ (1.211) |
−3.841∗∗∗ (1.167) |
−3.486∗∗∗ (1.298) |
| Observations | 234,913 | 277,840 | 192,349 | 73,810 | 83,727 | 63,848 |
| Panel B: Excluding observations 10 days near the lockdown date | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −2.120∗∗∗ (0.489) |
−2.408∗∗∗ (0.436) |
−1.554∗∗∗ (0.557) |
−3.948∗∗ (1.620) |
−4.079∗∗∗ (1.487) |
−3.615∗∗ (1.605) |
| Observations |
214,381 |
257,308 |
171,817 |
69,467 |
79,384 |
59,505 |
| Means before lockdowns | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 | 64.824 | 64.824 | 64.824 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country and time FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Notes: ∗∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗p < 0.05, ∗p < 0.1. Results of “Donut” RDD using the optimal bandwidths based on Imbens and Kalyanaraman (2012). Clustered standard errors in parentheses are robust to within-day and within-country serial correlation. Control variables are daily temperature and rainfall (humidity for station-based data).