Table A8.
COVID-19 lockdowns and air pollution - Weekly data.
| Panel A: Satellite air pollution | ||||||
| Air quality: |
Optimal bandwidth |
Optimal bandwidth +2 weeks |
Optimal bandwidth −2 weeks |
|||
| NO2 |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
| Model 1: Linear model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −1.033∗∗∗ (0.354) |
−1.004∗∗∗ (0.348) |
−1.549∗∗∗ (0.236) |
−1.559∗∗∗ (0.322) |
−0.629 (0.413) |
−0.617 (0.406) |
| Model 2: Linear interaction model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −0.986∗∗∗ (0.352) |
−0.938∗∗∗ (0.346) |
−1.507∗∗∗ (0.324) |
−1.513∗∗∗ (0.319) |
−0.567 (0.410) |
−0.525 (0.403) |
| Model 3: Quadratic model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −1.018∗∗∗ (0.352) |
−0.985∗∗∗ (0.347) |
−1.550∗∗∗ (0.325) |
−1.573∗∗∗ (0.320) |
−0.599 (0.411) |
−0.571 (0.404) |
| Model 4: Quadratic interaction model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 |
−0.989∗∗∗ (0.358) |
−0.950∗∗∗ (0.352) |
−1.541∗∗∗ (0.329) |
−1.561∗∗∗ (0.323) |
−0.584 (0.420) |
−0.566 (0.412) |
| Means before lockdowns | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 |
| Controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Country and time FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations |
260,007 |
257,339 |
320,328 |
317,121 |
199,439 |
197,492 |
| Panel B: Station-based air pollution | ||||||
| Air quality: |
Optimal bandwidth |
Optimal bandwidth +2 weeks |
Optimal bandwidth −2 weeks |
|||
| PM2.5 |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
| Model 1: Linear model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −4.145∗∗∗ (1.158) |
−2.445∗ (1.339) |
−4.677∗∗∗ (1.120) |
−2.833∗∗ (1.265) |
−3.027∗∗ (1.292) |
−1.295 (1.443) |
| Model 2: Linear interaction model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −3.387∗∗∗ (1.117) |
−1.842 (1.302) |
−3.945∗∗∗ (1.063) |
−2.302∗ (1.217) |
−2.314∗ (1.244) |
−0.806 (1.402) |
| Model 3: Quadratic model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 | −3.663∗∗∗ (1.127) |
−2.006 (1.317) |
−4.261∗∗∗ (1.078) |
−2.513∗∗ (1.233) |
−2.572∗∗ (1.254) |
−0.964 (1.418) |
| Model 4: Quadratic interaction model | ||||||
| Lockdown = 1 |
−3.320∗∗∗ (1.104) |
−1.726 (1.287) |
−3.936∗∗∗ (1.058) |
−2.172∗ (1.209) |
−2.141∗ (1.238) |
−0.623 (1.381) |
| Means before lockdowns | 64.824 | 64.824 | 64.824 | 64.824 | 64.824 | 64.824 |
| Controls | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Country and time FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 90,938 | 79,200 | 104,531 | 92,778 | 76,962 | 65,308 |
Notes: ∗∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗p < 0.05, ∗p < 0.1. Results of RDD using the optimal bandwidths based on Imbens and Kalyanaraman (2012). Clustered standard errors in parentheses are robust to within-day and within-country serial correlation. Model 1 uses running variable in linear form, Model 2 includes interaction of running variable and treatment variable, Model 3 includes quadratic term of running variable, Model 4 includes interactions of running variable (linear and quadratic terms) with treatment variable. Control variables are daily temperature and rainfall (humidity for station-based data).