Table A9.
COVID-19 lockdowns and air pollution – ‘Regular’ stringency index.
| Bandwidth | Air pollution: NO2 |
Air pollution: PM2.5 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal bandwidth | Optimal bandwidth +10 days | Optimal bandwidth −10 days | Optimal bandwidth | Optimal bandwidth +10 days | Optimal bandwidth −10 days | |
| Lockdown = 1 | −1.260∗∗∗ (0.321) |
−1.512∗∗∗ (0.310) |
−0.918∗∗∗ (0.348) |
−2.525∗∗ (1.257) |
−2.713∗∗ (1.235) |
−1.998 (1.314) |
| Means before lockdowns | 23.281 | 23.281 | 23.281 | 64.824 | 64.824 | 64.824 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country and time FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 257,339 | 300,266 | 214,775 | 79,200 | 89,117 | 69,238 |
Notes: ∗∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗p < 0.05, ∗p < 0.1. Results of RDD using the optimal bandwidths based on Imbens and Kalyanaraman (2012). Clustered standard errors in parentheses are robust to within-day and within-country serial correlation. Control variables are daily temperature and rainfall (humidity for station-based data). The ‘regular’ index returns null values if there are insufficient data to calculate the index while the ‘display’ version extrapolates to smooth over the last seven days of the index based on the most recent complete data. Our main analysis uses the ‘display’ version.