Table B1.
Data sources and summary statistics.
| Variable | Descriptions | Mean | Standard deviation | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) | |||||
| Source: Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford (https://covidtracker.bsg.ox.ac.uk/) | |||||
| Stringency index | Government responses to COVID-19 (Score between 0 and 100) | 44.751 | 35.254 | 0 | 100 |
| Government response index | 41.404 | 31.499 | 0 | 96.15 | |
| Containment and health index | 44.148 | 33.202 | 0 | 100 | |
| Economic support index | 26.331 | 32.501 | 0 | 100 | |
| Satellite air quality (daily) | |||||
| Source: European Union’s Copernicus programme (https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-5p) | |||||
| NO2 | Nitrogen dioxide | 20.458 | 26.334 | −43.400 | 886 |
| Satellite weather data (daily) | |||||
| Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (https://www.ncep.noaa.gov) | |||||
| Rainfall | Average rainfall (m) | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.000 | 0.015 |
| Temperature | Average temperature (K) | 289.715 | 10.399 | 232.625 | 313.183 |
| Station-based data (daily) | |||||
| Source: World Air Quality Index (WAQI) project (https://waqi.info/) | |||||
| PM2.5 | Particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less | 56.291 | 43.799 | 1 | 999 |
| PM10 | Particles with a diameter of 10 μm or less | 27.338 | 25.403 | 1 | 999 |
| NO2 | Nitrogen dioxide | 10.118 | 8.442 | 0 | 500 |
| SO2 | Sulfur dioxide | 4.126 | 7.895 | 0 | 500 |
| O3 | Ozone | 19.459 | 12.670 | 0 | 500 |
| Humidity | Average humidity (percent) | 69.084 | 19.276 | 0 | 122 |
| Temperature | Average temperature (°C) | 14.393 | 9.200 | −67.7 | 93.3 |
| Mobility rates | |||||
| Source: Google Community Mobility Reports (https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/) | |||||
| Retail & Recreation | Changes in people’s mobility (percent) in different categories | −22.801 | 28.661 | −100 | 313 |
| Grocery & pharmacy | −6.118 | 21.645 | −100 | 345 | |
| Park | −2.925 | 51.956 | −100 | 616 | |
| Transit | −27.151 | 30.046 | −100 | 497 | |
| Workplaces | −23.812 | 21.033 | −94 | 258 | |
| Residential | 10.669 | 9.177 | −25 | 56 | |
| Other control variables (Table A7) | |||||
| Source: World Bank World Development Indicators (https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators) | |||||
| Energy consumption | Energy consumption per capita (kWh) | 24,620 | 25,452 | 706.246 | 215,883 |
| Vehicles | Number of motor vehicles per 1000 inhabitants | 200.713 | 217.914 | 1.000 | 797 |
| GDP | GDP per capita (in constant 2010 USD) | 13,260 | 17,763 | 208.075 | 111062 |
| Population density | People per sq. km of land area | 164.668 | 586.711 | 0.137 | 20480 |
| CO2 emissions | CO2 emissions (kg per 2010 US$ of GDP) | 0.516 | 0.374 | 0.056 | 2.004 |
| Electricity | Electricity production from coal sources (percent of total) | 19.917 | 24.166 | 0.000 | 96.360 |
| Other control variables (Table A14) | |||||
| Democracy index | 2019 Economist Intelligence Unit Report (https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index) | 54.714 | 20.579 | 13.200 | 98.700 |
| Air index | 2018 WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (https://www.who.int/airpollution/data) | 36.234 | 31.953 | 4.071 | 203.744 |
| Manufacturing | Share of manufacturing in GDP (2019 World Development Indicators database) | 12.937 | 5.892 | 1.686 | 30.838 |
| Trade | Share of trade in GDP (2019 World Development Indicators database) | 90.162 | 54.906 | 26.722 | 381.517 |