Table 2.

Recent smartphone-based SPR sensors

No	Principle	Smartphone utilization	Signal modulation	Application/detection	Performance	Ref
1	LSPR	Camera and LED	Wavelength and intensity	Heart disease biomarker Cardiac human troponin I	LOD: 50 ng/mL Resolution: 0.386 nm/pixel	[64]
2		Camera	Wavelength and intensity	Protein Bovine serum albumin (BSA)	LOD: 19.2 μg/mL Resolution: 0.336 nm/pixel	[65]
3		Camera	Intensity	Water pollutant NH3	LOD: 200 mg/L	[66]
4		Camera	Intensity	Water pollutant Cr3+	LOD: 11 μM	[67]
5		Camera	Intensity	Water pollutant Hg2+	LOD: 0.2 ppb	[68]
6		Camera	Intensity	Water pollutant Cd2+	LOD: 1.12 µg/L	[69]
7		Camera	Wavelength and intensity	Cancer biomarker CA13-5	LOD: 0.87 U/mL Resolution: 0.71 nm Sensitivity: 161 nm/RIU	[70]
8	Prism coupled	Camera and screen	Angle and intensity	Cancer marker β2 microglobulin (β2M)	LOD: 0.1 μg/mL Resolution: 0.111 degree/pixel Sensitivity: 11 × 10−3 RIU/degree	[71]
9	Prism coupled SPCE	Camera	Angle and intensity	Antibiotic Doxycycline	LOD: 22.5 aM	[72]
10	Waveguide coupled Fiber optic based	Camera and LED	Wavelength and intensity	Refractive index sensor	Sensitivity: 5.96 × 10−4 RIU/pixel	[73]
11		Camera and LED	Intensity	Antibody in blood Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	LOD: 47.4 nM	[74]
12		Camera and LED	Intensity	Antibody in blood Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	LOD: 0.02 mg/mL Resolution: 2.3 × 10−4 RIU	[75]
13		Camera and LED	Wavelength and intensity	Temperature sensor	Sensitivity: 0.46 pixel/°C	[76]
14	Waveguide coupled and LSPR	Camera and LED	Intensity	Refractive index sensor	Resolution: 3.8 × 10−5 RIU Sensitivity: 5.47/RIU	[77]
15	Grating coupled	Camera and Screen	Angle and intensity	Protein Bovine serum albumin	Sensitivity 10−5 RIU/degree	[78]
16		Camera and LED	Wavelength and intensity	Endotoxin Lipopolysaccharides	LOD: 32.5 ng/mL	[79]
17		Camera	Intensity	Antibody in blood Mouse IgG	Resolution: 4.12 × 10−5 RIU	[80]
18		Camera	Intensity	Refractive index sensor	Sensitivity: 282/RIU	[81]
19	Grating coupled SPP-BW	Camera	Intensity	Pesticide Imidacloprid	LOD: 1 ppb	[82]
20		Camera	Intensity	Protein Bovine serum albumin (BSA)	LOD: 0.001 mg/mL	[83]
21		Camera	Wavelength and intensity	Protein Bovine serum albumin (BSA)	LOD 2.43 μg/ml Resolution: 5.88 × 10−6 RIU	[84]