Table 1.
General characteristics of Chinese and Finnish older adults with glucose impairment and central obesity
| Pre-diabetes | T2DM | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Finnish | Chinese | Finnish | |||||
| n | Mean (95% CI) | n | Mean (95% CI) | n | Mean (95% CI) | n | Mean (95% CI) | |
| Age, years | 147 | 63.7 (63.2, 64.1) | 151 | 67.9 (67.2, 68.5)** | 172 | 64.4 (63.9, 64.9) | 79 | 67.9 (67, 68.7 ** |
| Height, cm | 147 | 162 (161, 163) | 151 | 165 (164, 167)## | 172 | 164 (162, 165) | 79 | 164 (162, 167) |
| Weight, kg | 147 | 67.2 (65.4, 69.0) | 151 | 82.0 (80.2, 83.7)## | 172 | 68.5 (66.9, 70) | 79 | 80.8 (77.8, 83.8) ## |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 147 | 25.5 (25, 26) | 151 | 30.1 (29.5, 30.6)## | 172 | 25.5 (25.1, 25.9) | 79 | 29.8 (29, 30.6) ## |
| WC, cm | 147 | 91.5 (90.4, 92.7) | 151 | 99.0 (97.7, 100.5)** | 172 | 92.9 (91.8,94.1) | 79 | 100.4 (98.1,102.7) ** |
| WHR | 146 | 0.92 (0.91, 0.93) | 151 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.95) | 172 | 0.94 (0.93, 0.95) | 79 | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) # |
| SBP, mmHg | 146 | 139 (136, 142) | 151 | 141 (138, 144) | 170 | 137 (135, 140) | 79 | 133 (129, 137) #†† |
| DBP, mmHg | 146 | 81.6 (80.1, 83.1) | 151 | 81.1 (79.7, 82.6) | 170 | 82.4 (81.0, 83.9) | 79 | 75.8 (73.7, 77.8) ##†† |
| Education, 1/2/3a, %† | 146 | 6.2/73.3/20.5 | 151 | 80.8/15.2/4.0 ## | 172 | 5.2/61.0/33.7 | 79 | 87.3/10.1/2.5 ## |
| Gender (female/male), %† | 147 | 68.7/31.3 | 151 | 51.7/48.3 ## | 172 | 66.9/33.1 | 79 | 49.4/50.6 ## |
| Smoking (current/former/never), %† | 145 | 4.1/13.0/82.9 | 151 | 10.6/27.8/61.6 ## | 164 | 10.4/9.4/80.2 | 76 | 7.9/28.5/63.6 ## |
| Alcohol drinking (yes/no), %† | 146 | 17.8/82.2 | 151 | 6.0/94.0 ## | 164 | 10.4/89.6 | 77 | 13.0/87.0 |
| Diabetes of family (yes/no), %† | 143 | 38.5/61.5 | 151 | 37.7/62.3 | 165 | 51.5/48.5 | 79 | 48.1/51.9 |
| Use of statins (yes/no), %† | 147 | 1.4/98.6 | 151 | 5.3/94.7 | 172 | 4.1/95.9 | 79 | 13.9/86.1 ## |
| Use of antihypertensive medication (yes/no), %† | 147 | 9.5/90.5 | 151 | 58.9/41.1 ## | 172 | 30.8/69.2 | 79 | 78.5/21.5 ## |
| Use of antidiabetic medication (yes/no), %† | NA | NA | NA | NA | 172 | 1.7/98.3 | 48 | 60.8/39.2 ## |
| Physical activity (yes/no), %† | 146 | 77.4/22.6 | 151 | 98.7/1.3 ## | 172 | 72.7/27.3 | 77 | 96.1/3.9 ## |
| Frequency, times/week | 113 | 4.6 (4.0, 5.2) | 151 | 6.7 (6.0, 7.4)** | 99 | 5.6 (4.9, 6.3) | 73 | 5.4 (4.8, 6.1) |
| Duration, hours/week | 113 | 4.6 (3.8, 5.4) | 151 | 10.2 (8.7, 11.4)** | 99 | 5.1 (4.3, 5.9) | 73 | 7.8 (6.5, 9.2)** |
| Intensity (low/medium/high), % | 113 | 53.1/46.0/0.9 | 149 | 6.0/90.6/3.4 ## | 125 | 82.4/17.6/0.0 | 74 | 12.2/78.4/9.5 ## |
CI confidence interval, T2DM type 2 diabetes, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, NA not applicable
BMI in T2DM was log-transformed for the analysis
aEducation: 1 = primary/below, 2 = high school, 3 = graduate/above
†Values are number of subjects with proportion (%)
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, comparison of the means between Chinese and Finns by the Mann–Whitney U test
#p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, comparison of the means between Chinese and Finns by Student’s t-test or proportions by chi-square test or rank sum test
††p < 0.01, comparison of the means between Chinese and Finn populations by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for age, sex, BMI and anti-hypertension medicine